近40a黄土高原酿酒葡萄春霜冻气候风险评估

选取黄土高原酿酒葡萄产区13个气象站点1981−2020年春霜冻期(4月1日−5月31日)逐日最低气温观测资料,运用数理统计和空间分析方法,研究不同年代黄土高原酿酒葡萄春霜冻灾害发生站次比、频率、日数、强度及风险,评估黄土高原酿酒葡萄春霜冻气候风险。结果表明:1981−2020年,黄土高原酿酒葡萄春霜冻期平均日最低气温呈极显著上升趋势(P<0.01),气候倾向率为0.42℃·10a^(-1);日最低气温极小值呈极显著下降趋势(P<0.01),气候倾向率为−0.75℃·10a^(-1);日最低气温极小值的气候倾向率负值主要分布在产区北部或南部零星地区,左权地区降温(0.76℃·10a^(-1))达显著水平(P<0.05)。黄土高原轻度春霜冻发生站次比下降,中度、重度及综合春霜冻上升;轻度、中度春霜冻频率和日数降低,重度春霜冻频率、日数增加,且重度春霜冻强度呈显著增加趋势(P<0.05),春霜冻综合频率、日数降低,强度呈显著增加趋势(P<0.05);各级春霜冻频率、日数、强度自西南向东北增加。黄土高原酿酒葡萄气候风险特征为轻、中度春霜冻的风险降低,重度和综合风险增加;高风险区域主要分布在北部的左权、太古等地,低风险区域主要分布在南部的鄠邑区、渭南等地。

Extreme Climatic Characteristics and Their Effects on Maize Yield in Hei-longjiang Province from 1961 to 2020

This paper analyzed the extreme climatic characteristics of maize in Heilongjiang Province during different growth periods using the climate data and maize yield data from 1961 to 2020,and applied the principal component analysis to analyze the extent of different extreme climatic events affecting maize yield.The results showed that the extreme cold events showed a decreasing trend,and the extreme warm events showed an increasing trend,and the trend of extreme precipitation change was not obvious.Maize yield was negatively correlated with TN10p(cold nights),TX10p(warm days)and T8(days below the lower temperature limit),and positively correlated with TN90p(warm nights).T34(days above the upper temperature limit)and TX90p(warm days)during the tasseling-milking period were negatively correlated with the maize yield,and this part was concentrated in the southern part of Heilongjiang Province.The maize yield was positively correlated with the extreme precipitation during the seedling period and negatively correlated with the extreme precipitation during the filling-maturity period of maize,but the correlations were not significant.The effects of extreme weather events on maize yield were higher during the seedling and the filling-maturity periods than those during the jointing-tasseling and the tasseling-milking periods.The effects of extreme precipitation on the maize yield were less than those of the extreme temperature during different growth periods in all regions,but the effects of the extreme precipitation on maize yield were significantly higher in the Songnen Plain than those in other regions.There were regional differences in the impact of climate extremes on maize during different growth periods.The area with the greater impact of climate extremes during the seedling period was the Songnen Plain,the areas with the greater impact of climate extremes during the jointing-tasseling period were the northern part of the Sanjiang Plain,and the areas with the greater impact of climate extremes during the filling-maturity period were the Lesser Khingan Mountains and the semi-mountainous areas of Mudanjiang.

黑龙江省热量资源变化特征及对水稻不同发育期生长的影响

【目的】明确黑龙江省热量资源变化特征及对水稻不同发育期生长的影响,为理解和评价气候变化对水稻生产的影响提供科学依据。【方法】利用黑龙江省28个农业气象站点1974—2016年≥10℃积温、逐日最高气温、逐日最低气温及水稻发育期和产量数据,运用线性倾向估计法、相关性分析法等对黑龙江省水稻不同发育期的热量资源时空变化及其对水稻生长和产量的响应进行分析。【结果】水稻生育期内≥10℃积温、逐日最高气温、逐日最低气温等热量资源呈增加趋势,空间上从北到南、由东向西逐渐增加;水稻整个生育期长度逐渐延长,但营养生长和生殖生长并进期略有缩短;生殖生长期持续天数与生殖生长期≥10℃积温、营养生长和生殖生长并进期持续天数与营养生长和生殖生长并进期≥10℃积温、营养生长期持续天数与营养生长期最高气温和营养生长期最低气温、气象产量与营养生长和生殖生长并进期≥10℃积温和营养生长期最低气温,呈极显著相关(P<0.01),相关系数分别为-0.719、0.712、-0.606、-0.501、0.537和0.554。营养生长期持续天数与营养生长期≥10℃积温,气象产量与营养生长期最低气温、生殖生长期最高气温和营养生长期最高气温呈显著正相关(P<0.05),相关系数分别为0.337、0.318、0.374和0.349。【结论】1974—2016年黑龙江省热量资源呈增加趋势,对水稻生长有利,导致水稻产量增加。

陕西县域苹果种植风险评估与保险费率厘定

苹果是陕西农业特色经济的支柱产业,但在种植过程中面临着严重的气象灾害风险,农业保险在分散和转移其风险方面未能充分发挥效能。根据陕西省30个苹果基地县1981-2019年苹果种植面积、产量和单产数据,采用数理统计、产量损失分布模型和最优分布模型筛选等方法,评估各基地县苹果种植风险并厘定苹果种植保险费率。结果表明:1981-2019年,陕西省30个苹果基地县苹果种植面积、产量和单产均呈波动上升趋势,洛川、礼泉和淳化种植面积和产量位居前列,多年平均种植面积分别为2.12万hm^(2)、2.01万hm^(2)和1.94万hm^(2),平均产量分别为33.19万t、51.26万t和34.28万t;礼泉和扶风县单产较高,多年平均单产分别为19.71t·hm^(-2)和16.89t·hm^(-2)。30个基地县苹果发生灾害的平均概率为29.72%,轻、中、重和巨灾发生的平均概率分别为17.41%、7.21%、2.99%和2.11%;延川和千阳县巨灾发生概率最高,分别为24.18%和20.79%。研究区域重灾和巨灾发生概率与种植面积呈负相关,其相关系数均为-0.50。30个基地县苹果种植的平均费率为5.23%,费率最高的是延川县的18.37%,其次是千阳县的16.61%;礼泉、洛川和淳化县三大苹果种植基地县的费率则相对较低,分别为7.12%、7.35%和8.63%。因此,延川和千阳等高风险种植区“北进西扩”需谨慎,洛川、礼泉和淳化的种植优势可继续保持,凤翔等低风险地区应考虑扩种。在自然灾害风险较低的地区增加苹果种植面积能在空间上有效分散风险,在推进苹果农业保险时,建议因地制宜实行差异化费率,保证费率的科学性,提高农业保险的效能。

不同降雨年型下反枝苋和大豆光合特征的比较

为揭示不同降雨年型下C4外来杂草与C3作物的竞争机制,以C4外来杂草反枝苋和C3作物大豆为研究对象,利用盆栽试验,设置3种降雨年型(高雨量、正常雨量和低雨量),比较单种和混种模式下两种植物的气体交换参数、光合色素含量和比叶面积的差异。结果显示,在相同降雨年型和栽培模式下,反枝苋的净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率及光合水分利用效率均高于大豆;反枝苋在三种降雨年型苗期均保持较高的净光合速率,不受降雨年型影响,但大豆净光合速率受降雨年型的影响显著;在低雨量年型下反枝苋光合水分利用效率最大,大豆光合水分利用效率最小。两种植物的这些差别很可能是反枝苋成功入侵东北大豆田的重要原因。

1960-2019年黑龙江省八五二农场气象因子特征分析

为揭示黑龙江省八五二农场气象因子的变化规律,利用农场60 a(1960-2019年)日气温、降水、风速、日照等数据,采用线性倾向估计、5 a滑动平均、Mann-Kendall突变检验等方法,分析了八五二农场气象因子的变化趋势。结果表明:60 a间黑龙江省八五二农场年均及季节性气温均呈递增趋势,年地表土壤温度的增温幅度与年平均气温的增温幅度相近;年、春季和冬季降水量均呈增加趋势,夏季、秋季和生长季降水量呈减少趋势,年降水量变幅范围为342.1-898.5 mm;年平均风速呈显著减小的趋势,年日照时数整体呈减少趋势。

富裕县农田土壤湿度变化及其对玉米发育期和产量的影响

本文旨在分析黑龙江省富裕县农田土壤相对湿度对玉米发育期和产量的影响,以期为松嫩平原西部玉米生产提供科学参考。以黑龙江省富裕县为研究区域,利用1982—2017年土壤相对湿度资料、1995—2017年玉米发育期资料、玉米产量资料,采用对比分析、相关分析、Mann-Kendall突变检验法,分析土壤相对湿度变化特征,研究土壤相对湿度对玉米发育期和产量的影响。结果表明:富裕县近36 a土壤相对湿度呈增加—减小—增加的趋势。播种期—出苗期、拔节期—抽雄期、乳熟期—成熟期土壤干旱平均每4—6 a一遇,抽雄期—乳熟期每2—3 a一遇,出苗期—拔节期土壤基本无旱。各发育期土壤相对湿度减小的突变年在1987年前后,增加的突变年在2013年前后。20世纪80年代土壤较适宜,干旱轻,90年代土壤相对湿度迅速下降,干旱最重,之后随着年代的推移土壤干旱逐渐减轻。玉米主要发育期中播种期—出苗期、出苗期—拔节期土壤干旱对产量影响较小,拔节期—成熟期是土壤干旱影响产量的主要时期。

C类飞机起落架收放机构运动学建模及仿真

民航中型机,即C类飞机,是目前飞机市场保有量最大、需求最旺盛的飞机类型。作为飞机最重要的活动部件,飞机起落架的机构建模及仿真,是进行虚拟现实、飞机冲击动力学分析、拦阻系统设计及飞机滑行电驱动改装研究等工作的重要前序环节。针对现有C类飞机起落架机构模型过简化及运动仿真问题,该研究报告了一种更为精确完整的C类飞机主起落架系统的建模和收放运动仿真过程。基于多次现场测绘结果及飞机型号手册的查阅,获得了高精度尺寸参数及机构拓扑关系;分析了收放作动筒与起落架各连杆机构的运动关系,通过闭环矢量理论建模求解得到了各连杆的速度和加速度的理论公式,对起落架整体空间收放机构虚拟建模及多环境仿真,得到了起落架各个构件在收放运动过程及不同姿态下的角度、速度和加速度变化规律;通过Adams的仿真验证了数学模型的正确性。该研究所建立的精确化C类飞机主起落架数字模型将为后续虚拟维护培训、起落架各项研究及设计改装提供基础工具。

融合绝对误差和与Census变换的双目立体图像匹配算法

针对传统立体匹配算法受光照和纹理结构等变化的影响、匹配成功率低或容易出现匹配失败的问题,提出一种融合绝对误差和(sum of absolute differences,SAD)与Census变换的双目立体图像匹配算法。基于图像预处理,首先集成SAD和Census算法的优势,以取代单一匹配代价计算方法;然后,使用一种十字交叉代价聚合策略来提升匹配效果;最后,为验证本文算法的有效性,选择不同的实验场景,对不同分辨率的图像进行立体匹配的综合对比实验。实验结果表明,研究结果在匹配效率和匹配精度等方面具有显著优势,适用于复杂场景中高质量视差图的生成。

不同播期对玉米产量和品质的影响

为促进玉米高产优质栽培,以德美亚3号为材料,设置3个播期,研究播期对玉米产量和籽粒品质的影响。结果表明:随着播期的推迟,德美亚3号生育期缩短,产量逐渐降低,穗长、穗粗、穗行数、秃尖长、行粒数、鲜重和穗粒数差异显著,百粒重差异不显著,品质中的可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、油分和粗淀粉含量先升高后降低,粗蛋白含量降低。因此,试验播期范围内,适宜早播有利于粗蛋白含量的积累,提高玉米籽粒品质和产量。

近50a气象条件对黑龙江省霾的影响分析

基于黑龙江省1965—2014年年平均气温、降水量、风速及相对湿度等气象数据,采用相关性分析等数学统计分析方法,分析了气象条件对黑龙江省霾天气的影响,结果表明:气温呈南高北低的态势;风速呈东西高南北低的对称分布形态;降水呈中部高、东西低,且东部高于西部的形态;相对湿度呈中部高、东西低,且东部高于西部的形态;黑龙江省霾天气变化受气温和风速影响较大。

Risk Assessment of Maize Cold Damage in Heilongjiang Province in Recent 30 Years

In order to make the relevant risk departments and the agricultural producers have a clearer understanding of maize cold damage, the data of daily average temperature of 83 meteorological stations in Heilongjiang Province from 1986 to 2015, and the risk assessment model of maize cold damage in northeast China were used, and the risk index values of maize cold damage in Heilongjiang Province from 1986 to 2015 were calculated. And according to the risk index values, Heilongjiang Province was divided into five risk areas. The results showed that the high risk areas and the sub-high risk areas of maize cold damage in Heilongjiang Province in recent 30 years were in Daqing and Suihua cities, the medium risk areas were located in the center of the Songnen Plain and other regions, the sub-low risk areas were located in the Songnen Plain, and most of the rest were the low risk areas.

Regulating Effect of Exogenous Silicon on Soil Fertility in Paddy Fields

In order to explore the effects of different silicon preparations on the soil fertility of paddy fields,a pot experiment with Dongnong 427 was carried on.Different types of silicon preparations,including Si-50-G,Si-60-G,Si-RH,Si-50 and Si-60,were sprayed on the leaves of rice at the tillering stage,and CK was set in the control stage.The contents of alkali nitrogen,available phosphorus,available potassium and available silicon in soil were determined in the tillering stage,booting stage and maturity stage of rice.The results showed that spraying different silicon preparations at the tillering stage could promote the activation and release of soil available nutrients in different degrees.

Effects of Biochar,Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Nitrogen Application on Crop(Cichorium intybus L.)Growth and Soil Properties in Cadmium Contaminated Soil

The effects of biochar(BC),arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AM),nitrogen(N)and their composite treatments(BC+N,AM+N,BC+AM and BC+AM+N)application on Cichorium intybus L.(C.intybus L.)nutrient uptake,soil properties and cadmium(Cd)accumulation were investigated in Cd contaminated soil(0.11 mg·kg^(-1)).The results showed that the addition of BC increased the rate of mycorrhizal infection.However,the addition of N slightly inhibited mycorrhizal colonization,and the shoot and root bioaccumulation of chicory was positively influenced by BC and N when inoculated with AM fungi.Compared with the single component treatment(AM,BC or N)or two-component treatment(BC+N,AM+N or BC+AM),the three-component composite treatment(BC+AM+N)had the highest shoot bioaccumulation,whereas BC+AM treatment was considered the best for root biomass bioaccumulation.Compared with the control treatment,the single component treatment(AM,BC or N)and the composite treatment resulted in an overall improvement of the chicory shoot,root related nutrient uptake(N,P,K,Mg,Ca,Mn and Fe)and some soil physicochemical properties;in addition,these treatments showed better results than BC+AM+N and BC+AM treatments.Among the Cd-related indexes,Cd concentrations in the shoot,root and soil of C.intybus L.were reduced through treatment with AM and BC.However,a lower bioconcentration coefficient(BCF)and a higher transfer coefficient(TF)were observed in both treatments,and the most desirable effect was observed following the combination treatment(BC+AM).Compared with other single management,the shoot and root Cd concentrations of C.intybus L.after the management of N alone were higher,and the value of BCF(2.63%)was higher,but the value of TF(1.05%)was lower.Indexes related to Cd improved concurrently following the application of N in combination with BC or AM.Therefore,in Cd contaminated soils,single or combined application of BC,AM and N could promote chicory growth and nutrient uptake and improve some soil physicochemical properties.However,N should not be applied alone and needed to be combined with AM and BC;furthermore,it was evident that the treatment with the three composites(BC+AM+N)was optimal from an application point of view.

Effects of Sowing Periods on Growth and Development,Yield and Quality of Maize in Cold Area

In order to determine the most suitable sowing periods for maize in the cold area of Harbin City,the field test method was adopted.From 2018 to 2019,the main maize variety Xianyu 696 which was planted in Harbin City,Heilongjiang Province,was used as the test material for the six-sowing-period treatment experiments.The sowing period settings were as the followings:April 20(T1),April 24(T2),April 27(T3),May 4(T4),May 11(T5)and May 18(T6).In the experiment,the effects of different sowing periods on the growth and development,yields and quality of maize were studied.The results showed that the maize through T1 treatment had the longest growth period,the lowest height and the highest ear height,and the highest grain protein content.The maize through T6 treatment had the highest height and ear height,as well as the highest starch and oil content.And the grain crude fat,soluble protein,soluble sugar and the moisture content increased and then decreased with the delay of the sowing period.The maize through T4 treatment had the highest content of soluble protein.However,other quality indicators and the number of rows,the length of the bald tip,the number of grains per spike and the weight of 100 grains first increased and then decreased with the delay of the sowing period.The dry matter accumulation through T4 treatment was significantly higher than the ones through five treatments,and the 100-kernel weight and other ear-grain traits were the highest,the maizes through T4 treatment increased the yield by 21.54%compared with that through T1 treatment.Thus,the most suitable sowing period for the maize in the cold area of Harbin City was from May 4 to May 11.It provided technical supports for guiding maize planting in the cold area of Harbin City.

飞机牵引滑行技术综述

从飞机牵引滑行模式的本质出发,分析了牵引滑行的内涵和驱动因素,提出了实现飞机牵引滑行模式需解决的牵引滑行过程运动学及其环境载荷分析、牵引滑行多体系统动力学、飞机前起落架结构力学响应、系统运动感知与控制、牵引滑行装备与物理测试平台以及牵引滑行模式对机场运行规则影响等关键问题,并分析了6项关键问题的研究现状和发展趋势,探讨了实现新模式所面临的技术难点与挑战。分析结果表明:牵引滑行的运动学计算相比于传统牵引的精度和实时性要求更高,要实现牵引滑行的安全估计需建立系统运动的高精度解算算法;高速重载飞机牵引滑行系统的运动状态、机场路面条件、控制输入等多因素作用将可能导致横向失稳、脱抱等极限现象,针对其系统动力学行为开展研究需考虑其结构与系统的非线性特征;为保障前起落架在长距离牵引滑行中承受纵向牵引力和垂向振动力耦合作用下的安全,需研究其结构动态响应和极限工况行为机理;要实现飞行员精确控制牵引滑行运动,需对人机交互模式、飞行员感知控制方法进行研究并开展测试验证;牵引滑行技术可缩短飞机发动机在地面运行阶段的使用时间,降低油耗和碳排放量,但同时会增加机场场面运行的复杂程度,因此,需建立新的机场飞行区场面运行管理规则体系。

我国东部山地针阔混交林碳通量特征分析

以浙江省金华市武义县大毛尖山为研究区域,开展复杂山地森林生态系统碳汇能力的观测研究,并利用涡动相关法在2022年6月~2023年5月进行观测,经过数据质量控制和质量评价分析,得到42%的优质CO_(2)通量数据.结果表明,大毛尖山周边以针阔混交林为主,能量闭合度为0.89,能够很好的代表站点通量情况.CO_(2)通量在日尺度上均表现为U型变化,范围为-1.20~0.89mgCO_(2)/(m^(2)·s).四季碳汇能力强弱依次为,夏季、春季、秋季、冬季;各月份净生态系统碳交换量(NEE)均为负值,整体表现为碳汇.CO_(2)通量与气象因子中的空气温度呈负相关,相对湿度和平均风速正相关,夜间因呼吸作用产生的CO_(2)通量与土壤温度正相关.本研究初步解释了大毛尖山森林生态系统的碳汇特征.

我国七省社区戒毒社区康复效果综合评价研究

目的 通过以社区为基础的流行病学抽样调查对全国社区戒毒社区康复(简称社戒社康)的效果进行综合评价。方法 结合以往社戒社康工作基础,通过分层整群抽样的方法,在全国七大行政区抽取辽宁、山西、浙江、广东、湖南、贵州、甘肃七个省中的42个调查点进行现场调查,对42个调查点的社戒社康工作进行综合评价打分,评估我国社戒社康效果的整体执行情况。结果 42个调查点的综合评价结果平均分为80.28分,分布区间为[60.1,90.6],经检验其评分结果合理。结论 本研究基本反映了我国当前社戒社康工作情况,有助于发现问题完善薄弱环节,推动我国社戒社康工作的健康发展。

Effect of Ultra-Fast Cooling on Microstructure of Large Section Bars of Bearing Steel

The ultra-fast cooling technology of large section bars and the microstructure for different cooling patterns were studied by optical microscope,transmission electron microscope and energy spectrometer.The results indicated that the large section bars were passed through the zone of secondary carbide precipitation quickly by ultra-fast cooling technology(UFC)at instantaneous cooling rate of about 200 ℃/s and the finishing cooling temperature was higher than Ms.The lamellar spacing of pearlite decreased and the microhardness increased with decreasing the re-reddening temperature.The precipitation of network carbide was restrained when re-reddening temperature was 690 ℃.And fine laminated pearlite was obtained through transformation of pseudopearlition that induced the reduction of the diameter of pearlite grain and refinement of the lamellar spacing of pearlite,so ideal microstructures of promoting spheroidizing annealing were obtained.