The Observable Universe in a Simplified Cosmic Dynamic Model

This paper introduces a cosmic expansion model with constant speed of cosmic spatial expansion via derivation and simulations, where the speed of cosmic spatial expansion equals the speed of light c. Simulation results show that the earliest observable universe time is t = 5.084 Gyrs where the current universe time T = 13.82 Gyrs, and the furthest observable distance at the earliest observable universe time t is S = 0.632R, where R is the cosmic radius at current universe time T. The above constant cosmic expansion model does not consider the inflation period in the early universe according to the Big Bang model, nor does it considered the cosmic acceleration in recent universe time. However, this simplified cosmic expansion model could be a benchmark that will be helpful to understand the cosmic expansion and the observable universe. Based on the derivation and simulation of the constant cosmic expansion model, the threshold of observable universe for the accelerated cosmic expansion model can also be calculated similarly, as far as the speed of cosmic spatial expansion at any universe time t can be provided.

The Cosmic Radius of Observable Universe

This paper introduces three cosmic expansion models with constant, decelerating and accelerating speed of expansion respectively. Then characters of these cosmic expansion models are compared. Based on these cosmic expansion models, the thresholds of observable universe are calculated via simulations, where the earliest observable cosmic radius R(tearliest) is always 0.368R (R is cosmic radius at current universe time) for any cosmic expansion models.