A Substrate Integrated Waveguide Based Filtenna for X and Ku Band Application

In this paper Substrate Integrated Waveguide-basedfiltenna operating at Ku band is proposed.The model is designed on a low loss dielectric substrate having a thickness of 0.508 mm and comprises of shorting vias along two edges of the substrate walls.To realize a bandpassfilter,secondary shorting vias are placed close to primary shorting vias.The dimension and position of the vias are carefully analyzed for Ku band frequencies.The model is fabricated on Roger RT/duroid 5880 and the performance characteristics are measured.The proposed model achieves significant impedance characteristics with wider bandwidth in the Ku band.The model also achieves a maximum gain of 7.46 dBi in the operating band thus making it suitable for Ku-band applications.Substrate Integrated Waveguide(SIW)Structures possess most of the advantages over conventional radiofrequency waveguides since they have high power management capacity with self-consistent electrical shielding.The most noteworthy advantage of SIW,it can able to integrate all the components on the same substrate,both passive and active components.

A Convolutional Neural Network Classifier VGG-19 Architecture for Lesion Detection and Grading in Diabetic Retinopathy Based on Deep Learning

Diabetic Retinopathy(DR)is a type of disease in eyes as a result of a diabetic condition that ends up damaging the retina,leading to blindness or loss of vision.Morphological and physiological retinal variations involving slowdown of blood flow in the retina,elevation of leukocyte cohesion,basement membrane dystrophy,and decline of pericyte cells,develop.As DR in its initial stage has no symptoms,early detection and automated diagnosis can prevent further visual damage.In this research,using a Deep Neural Network(DNN),segmentation methods are proposed to detect the retinal defects such as exudates,hemorrhages,microaneurysms from digital fundus images and then the conditions are classified accurately to identify the grades as mild,moderate,severe,no PDR,PDR in DR.Initially,saliency detection is applied on color images to detect maximum salient foreground objects from the background.Next,structure tensor is applied powerfully to enhance the local patterns of edge elements and intensity changes that occur on edges of the object.Finally,active contours approximation is performed using gradient descent to segment the lesions from the images.Afterwards,the output images from the proposed segmentation process are subjected to evaluate the ratio between the total contour area and the total true contour arc length to label the classes as mild,moderate,severe,No PDR and PDR.Based on the computed ratio obtained from segmented images,the severity levels were identified.Meanwhile,statistical parameters like the mean and the standard deviation of pixel intensities,mean of hue,saturation and deviation clustering,are estimated through K-means,which are computed as features from the output images of the proposed segmentation process.Using these derived feature sets as input to the classifier,the classification of DR was performed.Finally,a VGG-19 deep neural network was trained and tested using the derived feature sets from the KAGGLE fundus image dataset containing 35,126 images in total.The VGG-19 is trained with features extracted from 20,000 images and tested with features extracted from 5,000 images to achieve a sensitivity of 82%and an accuracy of 96%.The proposed system was able to label and classify DR grades automatically.