Typical Geochemical Elements in Loess Deposit in the Northeastern Tibetan Plateau and Its Paleoclimatic Implication

Widespread and thick loess deposit in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau records paleoclimatic changes over the Quaternary period. In this study, we investigate a loess section located in a high terrace of the Huangshui River in the Xining Basin, and collect samples at 20-cm intervals by digging a well of 16-m depth （including paleosol S1 and SO and several loess interlayers over the last glacial-interglacial cycle and the Holocene）. Concentration of some active elements （Sr and Ca） and inert elements （Rb, Zr, Ti） in these loess samples are measured. The results show that ratios of those elements （oxide）, such as Rb/Sr, Ti/Sr, and Zr/CaO ratios, would indicate sensitively paleoclimatic changes, especially the history of precipitation over the last glacial-interglacial and the Holocene. Moreover, the curves of Rb/Sr, Ti/Sr, and Zr/CaO ratios had almost the same variable trends from the bottom to the top and also closely correlated with values of magnetic susceptibility and the global marine δ^18O record. But compared with the curves of magnetic susceptibility, the changes of ratios of these elements （oxide） are clearer and easy to understand. Therefore, the ratios of these typical chemical elements in the loess deposit may be used as an excellent index to investigate the history of paleoclimate, particularly precipitation changes in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau.

西藏地热系统B、Li、Rb和Cs元素空间分布规律与超常富集机制

西藏地热资源异常丰富,属于地中海—喜马拉雅地热带的重要组成部分。地热系统最为典型的地球化学特征是大部分地热泉或与之相应的泉华沉积物超常富集B、Li、Rb、Cs等元素,具有重要的矿产资源意义。有关这些特征元素来源与水化学演化成因机制,长期存在争议,在理论上缺乏系统论述。本文基于多年野外考察与数据积累,以及对前人研究成果的系统总结,提出了西藏地热系统特征元素组合与富集成因模式,宏观板块构造与微观地球化学分布规律结合,揭示了其成因机制。数据综合分析表明,B、Li、Rb、Cs元素在空间上的分布富集规律总体具有同步性,主要集中分布于雅鲁藏布江缝合带与南北向断裂带交汇区的高温地热系统。B同位素、元素组合、水循环特征及大量地球物理证据表明物源受控于岩浆残余流体,水-岩作用难以作为唯一物源支撑地热系统如此大规模的特征元素超常富集。结论提出西藏地热系统超常富集的元素受控于板块俯冲碰撞、地壳局部重熔、重熔型岩浆流体分异演化、地下水深循环等一系列内外生地质耦合作用过程。本文对西藏地热系统元素超常富集成因机制的解释,有利于增强人们对高温地热系统除水资源与热能意义之外,也同时关注矿产资源价值,实现“水-热-矿”于一体的系统理解,也对未来正确评价地热水体或沉积物矿产资源价值有理论指导意义。

基于格尔木河流域的SWAT模型水文特征情景模拟研究

以2008—2016年格尔木河流域实测径流量数据为基础,构建SWAT分布式水文模型,采用SUFI-2算法进行参数率定、验证及不确定性分析,并设置不同的气候情景(RCP2.6、RCP4.5和RCP6.0),预测流域2022—2050年的径流变化趋势,分析了研究区未来降水、气温的变化趋势并探究了这些气候要素对格尔木河流域径流的影响。结果表明:(1)SWAT模型在格尔木河流域径流过程的模拟中具有较好的适用性,率定期R2和ENS分别为0.84和0.73,验证期R2和ENS分别为0.74和0.70;(2)径流预测不确定性较小;(3)未来流域降水呈现增加趋势而气温降低;(4)未来时段流域径流增加显著,且降水是控制流域径流的主要因素。

高寒干旱区降水氢氧稳定同位素组成及其水汽来源:以昆仑山北坡格尔木河流域为例

降水来源是高寒干旱区水文循环研究中的重要内容。本研究以格尔木河流域山区段纳赤台水文站为研究点,收集2019年6—10月的51个降水事件样品,开展了降水氢氧(H-O)稳定同位素组成及其水汽来源研究。结果表明:(1)降水δ^(18)O与δ^(2)H值变化显著,气温是其变化的主控因素;(2)降水经历了多次蒸发-凝结过程,其同位素值大多落在全球降水线上方;(3)山区降水线方程为δ^(2)H=7.4×δ^(18)O+13.2,可视为流域降水线方程,为流域水循环研究提供可靠的参考。氘盈余分析揭示了西风环流及局地水汽循环是流域山区降水的主要贡献者。HYSPLIT模拟进一步表明流域山区高空水汽由西风环流携带而来而低空水汽还与内陆水体蒸发有关。该成果有助于深入理解高寒山区水汽循环理论,可为当地水资源管理决策提供科学依据。

柴达木盆地那棱格勒河流域的水资源与矿源意义

通过分析那棱格勒河流域水循环及水化学演化特征,对区域水资源及携带的矿产资源地质意义或潜在价值进行探讨。结果表明,那棱格勒河水循环特征表现为时空异质性大,径流主要集中于山区,四季变化很大。地下水动态年际或季节性波动明显异于一般干旱盆地,丰水期表现为水位显著上涨趋势,表明水循环条件优越,补给更新周期快。流域中下游地表水、地下水含有高背景浓度的硼、锂、钾等元素,且具有来自深源流体源源不断的补充,径流年输入总量至少数千上万吨,仅洪积扇带150 m以上地下水储存总量也在10万t级以上。流域水资源丰富,上游支流适当调水,既可增加其中溶解的硼、锂、钾等矿产元素总量,又保证了青藏线的安全,同时补充出山口调走的水量,保持动态平衡。

一种高性能超长点数浮点FFT加速器设计

快速傅里叶变换(fast Fourier transform,FFT)在数字信号处理中占据核心地位.随着高性能超长点数FFT需求的增长,数字信号处理器(digital signal processor,DSP)的计算能力越来越难以满足需求,集成FFT加速器成为重要的发展趋势.为了支持超长点数FFT,将2维分解算法推广到多维,提出一种可集成于DSP的高性能超长点数FFT加速器结构.该结构通过基于素数个存储体的无冲突体编址方法实现了3维转置运算;通过递推算法实现了高效铰链因子生成;使用单精度浮点二项融合点积运算和融合加-减运算,对FFT运算电路进行了精细化设计.实现了对4G点数单精度浮点FFT计算的支持.综合结果表明:FFT加速器运行频率能够达到1GHz以上,性能达到640Gflop/s.在支持的点数和性能方面都较已有研究成果取得大幅提升.

特提斯喜马拉雅带地热水化学特征与物源机制

西藏地热资源丰富,特别是其南部特提斯喜马拉雅地热带是一条现今仍然十分活跃的地热带。通过对该地热带10处代表性温泉野外调查及采样分析,讨论了水化学特征及水体中异常富集元素的物源机制。根据热储温度、水化学类型及水体中溶解的典型稀有分散性元素浓度,这些温泉可划分为两大类:一类包括卡乌、曲参岗、查巴曲珍和古堆温泉群,这些温泉热储温度均高于120℃,水化学类型以Na-Cl-HCO_3型为主,特征性稀有分散性元素如Li、B和As等显著富集;另一类包括锡钦、哲古和曲果温泉,热储层温度相对较低,变化于60～110℃,水化学类型以CaNa-HCO_3和Na-HCO_3型为主,Li、B和As等元素浓度较低。第一类温泉系统,水化学成分除与水循环深度大、热储温度高导致更强的水岩作用过程密切相关外,水体中异常富集的Li、B和As等特殊化学成分更可能与演化晚期的残余岩浆流体来源有关。相比之下,第二类温泉系统主要代表了水循环深度较浅、地下水更替频繁、冷水混入比例较大的温泉,水化学成分主要受控于水-岩作用的强弱。因此,特提斯喜马拉雅带地热水体异常富集的稀有分散性元素物源机制主要受控于深部富含这些元素的流体混入过程。

高寒区典型流域地下水化学特征、影响因素及健康风险

为深入理解高寒区地下水化学演化并科学指导地下水资源管理,以典型高寒区流域格尔木河流域为研究对象,对其2019年地下水化学特征及其影响因素进行了分析,基于熵值水质指数、Durov图和钠吸附比对融雪期、丰水期和枯水期地下水水质进行了评价,并利用健康风险评估模型对地下水NO_(3)^(-)和F^(-)的潜在健康风险进行了评估。结果表明:3个时期地下水化学类型变化不大,山区潜水以HCO_(3)^(-)型为主,平原区潜水以Cl^(-)型为主,而承压水以HCO_(3)^(-)型为主,高离子浓度的地下水分布在平原溢出带;潜水化学成分融雪期主要受春耕施肥的影响,枯水期受工业废水、生活污水排放的影响,丰水期受水岩作用的影响;流域大部分潜水不适合灌溉,细土平原溢出带少数潜水不适合饮用;F^(-)对人体健康的非致癌风险大于NO_(3)^(-)并已危及儿童,此外,两者对人体健康的非致癌风险枯水期比其他时期更严重。减少生活污水和工农业废水排放等人为输入是当前流域地下水水质保护的关键举措。

内陆水体溶解无机碳同位素研究进展及展望

碳是陆地生态系统中最重要的生命元素,能够在各个圈层之间相互转换和运移。碳循环作为地球各圈层相互连接的纽带,被认为是地表系统最重要的元素地球化学循环。碳在水体中主要以溶解性有机碳(dissolved organic carbon,简称DOC)和溶解性无机碳(dissolved inorganic carbon,简称DIC)形式存在。内陆水体(包括河水、地下水、湖水和水库等)尽管只占陆地表面1%,但它们在碳循环过程中发挥了重要作用。其DIC浓度(C_(DIC))和DIC同位素组成(δ^(13)C_(DIC))可以为碳循环研究提供线索,因此成为近年来国际研究的热点之一。本文系统总结了全球内陆水体DIC同位素的研究进展。DIC同位素具有广泛的地质应用,不同碳源具有独特的同位素特征。因此,DIC同位素被用于定性和定量地示踪碳源,指示碳循环过程以及确定河水补给端元。

祖厉河流域水体盐分空间分布特征及演化过程

运用水化学方法,通过对祖厉河这一黄河上游重要支流的多次实地考察和采样,结合区域水文地质条件,对祖厉河流域水体盐分的空间变化特征进行分析,并揭示流域水体的演化过程。结果表明,流域水体TDS普遍较高,总体以咸水为主。水中阳离子以Na^+为主,阴离子则以Cl-、SO_4^(2-)为主。水化学类型方面,源区地下水以Mg-Ca-Na-HCO_3型水为主,河水则以Na-Mg-Cl-SO_4型水为主。流域内水体盐分主要来源于阳离子交替吸附作用、上游地下水淋滤地层盐分后以泉的形式向河流排泄以及河流径流过程中侵蚀两岸高盐分土壤或含盐地层。径流过程中,当地干旱的气候环境使水体进一步蒸发浓缩,这是流域内水体TDS进一步增高的外在水化学演化过程。总之,由于多种来源的盐分,特别是源区高TDS地下水排泄、流域内强烈的土壤侵蚀以及干旱的气候条件等多重作用过程,是祖厉河TDS显著增高失去水资源功能的主要机制。

Chemical and Isotopic Approach to Groundwater Cycle in Western Qaidam Basin,China

Due to the extremely arid climate in the western Qaidam Basin,the groundwater almost becomes the single water source for local residents and industrial production.It is necessary to know the reliable information on the groundwater cycle in this region for reasonable and sustainable exploitation of the groundwater resources with the further execution of recycling economy policies.This study focused on the recharge,the flow rate and the discharge of groundwater in the western Qaidam Basin through investigations on water chemistry and isotopes.Hydrological,chemical and isotopic characteristics show that the groundwater in the western Qaidam Basin was recharged by meltwater from new surface snow and old bottom glaciers on the northern slope of the Kunlun Mountains.In addition,the results also prove that the source water is enough and stable,and the rates of the circulation and renewal of the groundwater are relatively quick.Therefore,it can be concluded that the groundwater resources would guarantee the regional requirement if the meltwater volume of the mountains has not a great changes in future,moreover,water exploitation should be limited to the renewable amount of the groundwater reservoir in the western Qaidam Basin.

Origin and evolution of oilfield brines from Tertiary strata in western Qaidam Basin:Constraints from ^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr,δD,δ^(18)O,δ^(34)S and water chemistry

Chemistry of major and minor elements,87Sr/86Sr,δD,δ18O and δ34S of brines were measured from Tertiary strata and Quaternary salt lakes in the western Qaidam Basin.The water chemistry data show that all oilfield brines are CaCl2 type.They were enriched in Ca2+,B3+,Li+,Sr2+,Br-,and were depleted in Mg2+,SO42-,which indicated that these brines had the characteristics of deeply circulated water.The relationship between δD and δ18O shows that all data of these brines decline towards the Global Meteoric Water Line(GWL) and Qaidam Meteoric Water Line(QWL),and that the intersection between oilfield brines and Meteoric Water Lines was close to the local spring and fresh water in the piedmont in the western Qaidam Basin.The results suggest that oilfield brines has initially originated from meteoric water,and then might be affected by water-rock metamorphose,because most oilfield brines distribute in the range of metamorphosing water.The 87Sr/86Sr values of most oilfield brines range from 0.71121 to 0.71194,and was less than that in salt lake water(>0.712),but close to that of halite in the study area.These imply that salt dissolution occurred in the process of migration.In addition,all oilfield brines have obviously much positive δ34S values(ranging from 26.46‰ to 54.57‰) than that of salt lake brines,which was caused by bacterial sulfate reduction resulting in positive shift of δ34S value and depleteed SO42-in oilfield brines.Combined with water chemical data and δD,δ18O,87Sr/86Sr,δ34S values,we concluded that oilfield brines mainly originate from the deeply circulated meteoric waters,and then are affected by salt dissolution,water-rock metamorphose,sulfate reduction and dolomitization during the process of migration.These processes alter the chemical compositions of oilfield brines and accumulate rich elements(such as B,Li,Sr,Br,K and so on) for sustainable utilization of salt lake resources in the Qaidam Basin.

Study on the mechanism of isotope fractionation in soil water during the evaporation process under equilibrium condition

In this study, with the method of vacuum extraction, two evaporative processes of soil water and free water under equilibrium condition were simulated. For each sample,water vapor was condensed by liquid nitrogen and was collected in four time intervals. From the analysis of hydrogen and oxygen isotopic compositions of the water collected at different times, it was discovered that the isotope fractionation of soil water also follows the mode, which is just the same as the evaporative process of free water. The relationship between the stable hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in residual water showed that the simulative evaporation line was close to the global meteoric water line (GMWL) under the equilibrium condition at about 20℃. Comparison of the two types of evaporative processes indicated that the isotope fractionation and evaporation velocity of soil water were only slightly modified by the Van der Waals force.

黄土高原祖厉河流域咸水淡化与高效利用

为缓解我国北方苦咸水分布地区淡水资源紧缺的状况,开展咸水多级冰冻淡化试验,揭示咸水结冰过程水质变化机理。试验结果表明:冷冻结冰法能有效淡化咸水,Ⅰ级冰融水的脱盐率可达60%以上;咸水多级冷冻结冰过程,不同离子结冰迁移速率不同,致各级冰融水离子组成发生变化。多级冰冻淡化方法可以在祖厉河流域推广和应用,其充分利用自然能源,具有经济环保,简单易行,既可小规模分户实施也可大规模处理等优势,是解决当地春旱期生活用水及农业用水困难的有效途径之一。

西藏羊八井—当雄断裂带地热系统B、Li、Rb、Cs富集机制

【目的】西藏地热资源丰富,大部分温泉水体或泉华沉积物中罕见富集B、Li、Rb、Cs等元素,除自身具有矿产资源价值外,更被认为是青藏高原盐湖资源的重要矿源。开展地热水体B、Li、Rb、Cs物源、演化富集规律研究,既有基础理论意义,也对正确评价其潜在资源价值有指导作用。【方法】对最为典型的羊八井—当雄断裂带温泉、河流、泉华等样品化学组成与B、Li同位素系统分析可知,沸泉水多为Na-Cl型且中偏碱性,属于大陆非火山型地热。温泉最显著的地球化学特征是δ^(11)B值普遍偏负,且具有B、Li浓度越高,B、Li同位素越偏负的典型分布规律。【结果与结论】地壳重熔型残余岩浆流体上涌,可以合理解释地热系统独特的元素富集组合特征与同位素分布规律,以及极高的热储温度等。基于岩浆活动与各类元素富集规律之间的耦合关系,类似羊八井—当雄深大断裂带地热系统不但具有良好的地热能开发前景,而且各类异常或超常富集的B、Li、Rb、Cs等元素也具有作为矿产资源进行综合回收利用的潜力。

Strontium and boron isotopic constraint on the marine origin of the Khammuane potash deposits in southeastern Laos

Since 2006,we have conducted a geological exploration of the Khammuane area in southeastern Laos.Several thick sequences of potash deposits containing sylvite and carnallite were discovered from drilling Paleocene strata of the Thangon Formation(E1tg).To constrain the origin of the brine that formed thick sequences of salt mineral deposits,we measured the strontium and boron isotope composition of some salt minerals in the potash deposit.Boron isotope composition of halite-and potash-associated minerals in the Khammuane potash deposit varied from 19.91%to 31.01‰,which differs significantly from continental evaporates(-6.83‰--5.79‰)but is very close to that of salts precipitated from evapo-concentrated seawater(10‰-36‰).The 87Sr/86Sr ratios(0.707542 to 0.709461)of salts were also close to the values of Paleocene seawater(0.70772 to 0.707830).The content of Br-(0.01%-0.25%)and Br×103/Cl ratios(0.10-0.52)of halite were>10 times higher than that of common continental salts.These characteristics indicate clearly that the Laos potash deposits were deposited from seawater.The small variation in boron and strontium isotopes in all salt sedimentary sequences(gypsum-halite-potash-halite)also suggests that the recharge source should be stable and the effects of other continental water mixing are negligible.Large-scale potash deposits are commonly precipitated from seawater.Hence,the results of recent regional drilling work and geochemical research suggest extensive potash resources could occur in the Thangon Formation of southeastern Laos.