不同生物炭施入对酸性紫色土有机碳矿化特征的影响

【目的】探究不同生物质来源制备的生物炭材料对酸性紫色土有机碳矿化的影响,为生物炭的合理利用提供科学依据。【方法】选取玉米秸秆、鸡蛋壳和紫茎泽兰为原料制备生物炭,分析不同生物炭理化特性差异,通过室内恒温培养试验研究生物炭施入对酸性紫色土有机碳矿化量、矿化速率、激发效应及CO_(2)释放等的影响。【结果】紫茎泽兰、玉米秸秆生物炭比表面积、孔隙度大于鸡蛋壳生物炭;鸡蛋壳生物炭C、H含量最低,C/H含量占比最高,达到79.33%,稳定态碳含量占比最大,可达86.03%。生物炭施入均能增加土壤总有机碳含量,且其增幅随培养时间延长呈下降趋势;生物炭施入促进了土壤呼吸,产生正激发效应,但有机碳矿化率增幅随培养时间延长而下降,最终降至25 mg/(kg·d)左右,以鸡蛋壳生物炭处理的土壤有机碳矿化速率下降趋势尤为明显。【结论】添加玉米秸秆和紫茎泽兰生物炭后,土壤总有机碳增幅远大于鸡蛋壳生物炭处理,固碳作用强;添加鸡蛋壳生物炭后,土壤有机碳矿化速率最大,土壤碳库稳定作用弱,相较于秸秆类(玉米秸秆和紫茎泽兰)生物炭处理,不利于固碳减排。

Concentrations and isotopic characteristics of atmospheric reactive nitrogen around typical sources in Beijing,China

With rapid economic growth in China, anthropogenic reactive nitrogen （Nr） emissions have more than doubled over the last two or three decades. Atmospheric Nr pollution is an environmental concern in China especially in megacities such as Beijing. In order to identify the impact of emission sources on atmospheric Nr pollution, we measured atmospheric Nr concentrations and their isotopic composition （δ15N） dynamics at three typical sites： landfill, pig farm and road traffic sites in Beijing from April 2010 to March 2011. Passive samplers were used for monitoring ammonia （NH3） and nitrogen dioxide （NO2）, two major Nr species, while their δ15N values were measured by a diffusion method combined with mass spectrometer approach. The raw water pool of the landfill and fattening house of the pig farm were important NH3 sources with mean NH3 concentrations being 2,829 and 2,369 μg/m3, respectively, while the road traffic site was a minor NH3 source （10.6 μg/m3）. NH3 concentrations at sites besides the landfill and roads were high in summer and low in winter due to the annual variation of temperature and the change of emission source intensity. In contrast, the NH3 concentrations inside the pig farm house were high in winter and low in summer, for the barn windows were open in summer and closed in winter. The mean NO2 concentrations were 89.8, 32.9 and 23.0 μg/m3 at the road traffic, the landfill and pig farm sites, respectively. Due to vehicle fuel combustion, NO2 concentration at the road traffic was the highest among the three sources, and the road traffic was a main NO2 emission source. PM10, pNH4＊ and pNO3- concentrations in particulate matter were higher in summer than in winter （except PM10 for the pig farm）. The δ15NH3 values ranged from -19.14‰ to 7.82‰, with an average of-0.05‰ for the landfill site, and the lowest values were observed in June and July. The δ15NH3 values for the pig farm site ranged from -29.78‰ to-14.05‰ with an average of-24.51‰, and the 515NH3 values were more negative in summer than in the other seasons. The （515NO2 values were -9.63%o to 7.04‰ with an average of -3.72%0 for the road traffic site. The δ15NO2 values were more negative in summer than those in the other seasons. The different δ15N values for the various Nr species in different sources may serve as important indicators for identifying atmospheric Nr sources in megacities. The results may also provide the theoretical basis for research on the atmospheric N deposition and its sources.

Atmospheric deposition of inorganic nitrogen in a semi-arid grassland of Inner Mongolia, China

Due to increasing global demand for crop production and energy use, more and more reactive nitrogen（Nr） has been generated and emitted to the environment. As a result, global atmospheric nitrogen（N） deposition has tripled since the industrial revolution and the ecological environment and human health have been harmed. In this study, we measured dry and wet/bulk N deposition from July 2013 to December 2015 in a semi-arid grassland of Duolun County, Inner Mongolia, China. The samples of dry and wet/bulk N deposition were collected monthly with a DELTA（DEnuder for Long Term Atmospheric sampling） system and with Gradko passive samplers and a precipitation gauge. The measured results show that the annual mean concentrations of NH_3, NO_2, HNO_3, particulate NH_4~＋（pNH_4~＋） and particulate NO_3^-（pNO_3^-） in atmosphere were 2.33, 1.90, 0.18, 1.42 and 0.42 μg N/m3, respectively, and that the annual mean volume-weighted concentrations of NH_4~＋-N and NO_3^--N in precipitation were 2.71 and 1.99 mg N/L, respectively. The concentrations of Nr components（including NH_3, NO_2, HNO_3, p NH_4~＋, pNO_3^-, NH_4~＋-N and NO_3^--N） exhibited different seasonal variations. Specifically, NO_2 and HNO_3 exhibited higher concentrations in autumn than in summer, while the other Nr components（NH_3, pNH_4~＋, pNO_3^-, NH_4~＋-N and NO_3^--N） showed the highest values in summer. Based on measured concentrations of Nr components and their deposition velocities estimated using the GEOS-Chem global atmospheric chemical transport model, the calculated annual mean dry deposition fluxes were 3.17, 1.13, 0.63, 0.91 and 0.36 kg N/（hm^2·a） for NH_3, NO_2, HNO_3, p NH_4~＋ and pNO_3^-, respectively, and the calculated annual mean wet/bulk deposition fluxes were 5.37 and 3.15 kg N/（hm^2·a） for NH_4~＋-N and NO_3^--N, respectively. The estimated annual N deposition（including dry N deposition and wet/bulk N deposition） reached 14.7 kg N/（hm^2·a） in grassland of Duolun County, approaching to the upper limit of the N critical load（10–15 kg N/（hm^2·a））. Dry and wet/bulk deposition fluxes of all Nr components（with an exception of HNO_3） showed similar seasonal variations with the maximum deposition flux in summer and the minimum in winter. Reduced Nr components（e.g., gaseous NH_3 and p NH_4~＋ in atmosphere and NH_4~＋-N in precipitation） dominated the total N deposition at the sampling site（accounted for 64% of the total N deposition）, suggesting that the deposited atmospheric Nr mainly originated from agricultural activities. Considering the projected future increases in crop and livestock production in Inner Mongolia, the ecological and human risks to the negative effects of increased N deposition could be increased if no mitigation measures are taken.

大气环境中二甲基硫的研究进展

二甲基硫(DMS)作为大气环境中较为活跃的有机硫气体,是全球硫循环的主要驱动成分,并在气候变化中产生重要的负温室效应。本研究整理、归纳了大气环境中DMS的国内外研究进展,并以Web of Science为数据库,分别以"dimethyl sulfide"和"air","dimethyl sulfide"和"atmosphere","dimethyl sulfide"和"atmospheric"为关键词,搜索1900-2020年国内外发表的文献,并运用文献计量学的方法对1997篇文献进行研究动态分析,结果表明:1)已有研究主要集中在海洋浮游植物和细菌产DMS的过程、全球DMS海、气通量的模型估算、大气中DMS的消除途径及其氧化产物的辐射效应等问题上;2)全球变暖的趋势下,对DMS海洋源响应过程的关注度逐渐提高;3)非海洋地区DMS的来源及排放量认识尚不全面,且随着社会经济的发展,以往的研究有可能低估DMS非海洋源的贡献及其环境影响。探究全球气候变暖对DMS释放过程的影响及量化分析DMS非海洋源的贡献,是未来深入探究的方向。