桉树林和天然次生林土壤溶解性有机质的荧光特性研究

利用三维荧光光谱结合平行因子分析法对桉树林和天然次生林土壤溶解性有机质(Dissolved Organic Matter,DOM)的组成成分和结构特征进行分析,同时利用荧光指数(Fluorescence Index,FI)、生物源指数(Biological Index,BIX)和腐殖化指数(Humification Index,HIX)解析土壤中DOM的来源特征。结果表明,桉树林和天然次生林土壤的DOM均包含4个荧光组分,为2种类腐殖质(C1、C2)和2种类蛋白组分(C3、C4)。在0~30 cm土壤层,桉树林和天然次生林土壤中的DOM主要成分是类腐殖质,桉树林土壤中的类腐殖质含量高于天然次生林,2种森林表层土壤的DOM来自陆源输入和微生物的共同作用,其中桉树林土壤中DOM的陆源输入多于天然次生林。在30~60 cm土壤层,桉树林和天然次生林土壤的DOM主要成分是类蛋白,其来源是陆源输入和微生物的共同作用。在60~100 cm土壤层,桉树林和天然次生林土壤的DOM主要成分是类蛋白,表现出腐殖化程度弱,微生物作用影响明显。

咸水淋洗对广东大万山岛土壤理化性质影响的研究

海水对海岛土壤理化性质的影响不容忽视,但目前对南方海岛土壤的盐胁迫效果研究仍不多见。为了研究海岛工程建设运行过程中海水盐分对土壤的胁迫作用所导致的土壤环境问题,选取广东大万山岛土壤,利用土柱淋溶和ICP-AES测定方法,以质量分数为0、1%、3%、5%、7%的Na Cl溶液作为淋溶的盐溶液,研究了咸水淋洗对土壤理化性质的影响。大万山岛土壤阳离子交换量为2. 68 cmol+/kg,有机质质量比为51. 71 g/kg,p H值为4. 99,电导率为49. 4μS/cm。结果表明,随淋洗液中盐质量分数增加,土壤淋出液的p H值逐渐降低,淋出的Ca、Mg累积量逐渐增加。当淋洗液盐质量分数从0逐渐升高至7%时,土壤淋出的Ca、Mg累积量分别从2. 63 mg/kg和1. 02 mg/kg上升到218. 82mg/kg和51. 29 mg/kg。在不同质量分数盐淋洗液淋洗后,土壤的阳离子交换容量发生显著变化。土壤的有机质质量比在不同质量分数盐淋洗液的淋洗下大大降低,当淋洗液的盐质量分数为7%时,土壤有机质质量比仅为9. 61 g/kg。由此可以判断,咸水淋洗对广东大万山岛土壤产生了负面影响。

Hydrochemical characteristics and geochemistry evolution of groundwater in the plain area of the Lake Baiyangdian watershed,North China Plain

Water cycle and water quality in the Lake Baiyangdian watershed of the North China Plain have undergone great changes due to over-pumping of groundwater and wastewater discharge.In this paper,hydrogeochemical data was collected to analyze the hydrochemical characteristics and geochemistry evolution of groundwater.The study area was divided into two typical parts.One was in the upstream plain area,where over-pumping had resulted in significant decline of groundwater level;the other one was located in the downstream area near the Fu River and Lake Baiyangdian(Lake BYD region).In addition to the natural weathering of minerals,excessive fertilizer was also a main factor of higher ion concentration in groundwater.According to studies,due to good permeability,these regions were easy to be polluted even with deep groundwater depth.However,upstream shallow groundwater and surface water,including lake water,domestic along with industrial wastewater were all sources of present shallow groundwater in the Lake BYD region.Results indicated that anthropogenic activities rather than minerals much matter to the groundwater in these regions.Particularly,wastewater largely decided the groundwater quality,which suggested that the management and restoration of surface water quality was crucial to groundwater protection.

The renewability and quality of shallow groundwater in Sanjiang and Songnen Plain, Northeast China

Groundwater is a key component for water resources in Sanjiang and Songnen Plain, an important agriculture basement in China. The quality and the renewability of irrigation groundwater are essential for the stock raising and agricultural production. Shallow groundwater was sampled and analyzed for various variables. The salinity sodium concentration and bicarbonate hazard, were examined with regard to the United States Department of Agriculture （USDA） irrigation water standards. The concentration of chlorofluorocarbons （CFCs） was determined to analyze the age of groundwater. Most groundwater samples labeled as excellent to good for irrigation with low salinity hazard or medium salinity hazard. Four groundwater samples were good and suspected for irrigation with high salinity hazard. Generally groundwater in Sanjiang Plain was younger than the groundwater in Songnen Plain. Meanwhile, groundwater nearby river is younger than the groundwater further away inside the watershed. The mean age of groundwater in Sanjiang Plain is in average of 44.1,47.9 and 32.8 years by CFC-11 （CCI3F）, CFC-12 （CCI2F2） and CFC-113 （C2CI3F3）, respectively. The mean ages of groundwater in Songnen Plain is in average of 46.1, 53.4, and 40.7 years by CFC-11, CFC-12 and CFC-113, respectively. Thus, groundwater nearby rivers could be directly exploited as irrigation water. Partial groundwater has to be processed to lower the salt concentration rather than directly utilized as irrigation water in Songnen Plain. Both water quality and renewability should be put in mind for sustainable agricultural development and water resources management.

混合方法研究在心脏康复研究中的应用

本文总结康复处方制定与实施、患者心理管理、自我照护方面的混合方法研究在心脏康复研究中的应用现状,以期为心脏康复研究提供更多新的思路。

亚热带地区常绿阔叶林SPAC系统水分的氢氧稳定同位素特征

森林的土壤-植物-大气连续体(SPAC)是陆地重要的水循环连续界面过程。本研究通过分析亚热带常绿阔叶林的降水、大气水汽、土壤水、叶片水的同位素组成,探讨森林SPAC系统水分的氢氧同位素组成特征以及植物蒸腾与叶片性状和环境因子的关系。结果表明:研究区大气降水、土壤水、竹柏枝条水、竹柏叶片水和大气水汽的δD-δ^(18)O线性回归方程分别为:δD_P=7.97δ^(18)O_P+12.68(R^2=0.97)、δD_S=4.29δ^(18)O_S-18.62(R^2=0.81)、δD_B=3.31δ^(18)O_B-29.73(R^2=0.49)、δD_L=1.49δ^(18)O_L-10.09(R^2=0.81)、δD_V=3.89δ^(18)O_V-51.29(R^2=0.46)。在降水→土壤水→植物水的界面水输送过程中,氢氧同位素逐渐富集,而从土壤蒸发和从植物蒸腾的水汽同位素贫化。在降水和蒸发作用的影响下,土壤水同位素随深度增加有贫化的趋势,而且整体上旱季土壤水同位素比雨季富集。观测期间,枝条水同位素比土壤水略微富集,说明水分在植物体内运输过程中存在受到蒸腾富集作用的可能性。旱季,乔木的枝条水同位素比灌木贫化,说明根系分布更深的乔木植物更倾向于利用深层土壤水。由于在叶片性状、蒸腾速率以及对环境因子的响应程度等方面存在差异,不同植物的叶片水同位素组成随叶龄增长的变化特征有所不同。雨季的环境条件更有利于叶片蒸腾,使雨季的叶片水同位素比旱季富集。叶片水同位素组成与植物叶片含水量呈正相关关系,与相对湿度呈负相关关系,综合反映了植物应对环境变化的水分调控功能。