The authors examine the equilibrium climatic response to the direct radiative effect(DRE)of mineral dust and sea salt aerosols in a doubled-CO2climate with two-way coupling of aerosol-climate interactions.In response ...The authors examine the equilibrium climatic response to the direct radiative effect(DRE)of mineral dust and sea salt aerosols in a doubled-CO2climate with two-way coupling of aerosol-climate interactions.In response to the drier and windier conditions,dust emissions increase by 26%in the Sahara Desert and by 18%on the global scale relative to present day.Sea salt emissions increase in high latitudes(>60°)but decrease in middle latitudes(30°–60°)of both hemispheres due to the poleward shift of westerlies,leading to a 3%decrease in global emissions.The burdens of dust and sea salt increase by 31%and 7%respectively,because reductions in rainfall over the tropical oceans increase the lifetime of particles in the warmer climate.The higher aerosol loading in the doubled-CO2climate reinforces aerosol DRE by0.2 W m 2,leading to an additional cooling of 0.1°C at the surface compared with the climatic effects of aerosols in present day.The additional cooling from changes in natural aerosols compensates for up to 15%of the regional warming induced by doubled CO2.展开更多
目的建立一种固相萃取净化(solid phase extraction, SPE)-气相色谱-串联质谱法(gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, GC-MS/MS)测定红茶中113种农药多残留的分析方法。方法样品采用1%(V:V)醋酸乙腈水溶液(2:1,V:V),加入6 g M...目的建立一种固相萃取净化(solid phase extraction, SPE)-气相色谱-串联质谱法(gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, GC-MS/MS)测定红茶中113种农药多残留的分析方法。方法样品采用1%(V:V)醋酸乙腈水溶液(2:1,V:V),加入6 g MgS04, 1.5 g乙酸钠进行提取。考虑到农药化合物结构的差异性影响,本文采用2种不同的净化方法,方法I是采用Cleanert TPT柱对95种农药进行净化,方法II采用PSA柱与50 mg石墨化碳黑(graphitized carbon black, GCB)对18种平面或类平面结构的农药进行净化,然后用GC-MS/MS进行分析,基质匹配标准溶液内标法定量。结果结果表明,113种农药在5~200 ng/mL范围内线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.993,方法的添加回收率为50%~134.2%,相对标准偏差(relative standard deviations, RSD)为0.1%~13.7%,定量限(limits of the quantitation, LOQ)为10~50μg/kg。结论该方法灵敏度、准确度和精密度均能满足红茶中农药多残留的分析要求。展开更多
The aerosol effect on clouds was explored using remote sensing of aerosol and cloud data at Shouxian, China. Non-precipitation, ice-free, and overcast clouds were firstly chosen by a combination of sky images from the...The aerosol effect on clouds was explored using remote sensing of aerosol and cloud data at Shouxian, China. Non-precipitation, ice-free, and overcast clouds were firstly chosen by a combination of sky images from the Total Sky Imager (TSI), cloud base heights from the Ceilometer, and vertical temperature profiles from the Balloon-Borne Sounding System (BBSS). Six cases were chosen in summer, and seven in autumn. The averaged cloud effective radii (re), cloud optical depth (COD), aerosol total light scattering coefficient (σ), and liquid water path (LWP) are, respectivey, 6.47 μm, 35.4, 595.9 mm-1, 0.19 mm in summer, and 6.07 μm, 96.0, 471.7 mm-1, 0.37 mm in autumn. The correlation coefficient between re and σ was found to change from negative to positive value as LWP increases.展开更多
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(973 program,Grant 2010CB951901)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant XDA05100503)
文摘The authors examine the equilibrium climatic response to the direct radiative effect(DRE)of mineral dust and sea salt aerosols in a doubled-CO2climate with two-way coupling of aerosol-climate interactions.In response to the drier and windier conditions,dust emissions increase by 26%in the Sahara Desert and by 18%on the global scale relative to present day.Sea salt emissions increase in high latitudes(>60°)but decrease in middle latitudes(30°–60°)of both hemispheres due to the poleward shift of westerlies,leading to a 3%decrease in global emissions.The burdens of dust and sea salt increase by 31%and 7%respectively,because reductions in rainfall over the tropical oceans increase the lifetime of particles in the warmer climate.The higher aerosol loading in the doubled-CO2climate reinforces aerosol DRE by0.2 W m 2,leading to an additional cooling of 0.1°C at the surface compared with the climatic effects of aerosols in present day.The additional cooling from changes in natural aerosols compensates for up to 15%of the regional warming induced by doubled CO2.
文摘目的建立一种固相萃取净化(solid phase extraction, SPE)-气相色谱-串联质谱法(gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, GC-MS/MS)测定红茶中113种农药多残留的分析方法。方法样品采用1%(V:V)醋酸乙腈水溶液(2:1,V:V),加入6 g MgS04, 1.5 g乙酸钠进行提取。考虑到农药化合物结构的差异性影响,本文采用2种不同的净化方法,方法I是采用Cleanert TPT柱对95种农药进行净化,方法II采用PSA柱与50 mg石墨化碳黑(graphitized carbon black, GCB)对18种平面或类平面结构的农药进行净化,然后用GC-MS/MS进行分析,基质匹配标准溶液内标法定量。结果结果表明,113种农药在5~200 ng/mL范围内线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.993,方法的添加回收率为50%~134.2%,相对标准偏差(relative standard deviations, RSD)为0.1%~13.7%,定量限(limits of the quantitation, LOQ)为10~50μg/kg。结论该方法灵敏度、准确度和精密度均能满足红茶中农药多残留的分析要求。
基金supported by the Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(KZCX2-YW-QN201)the National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program)(2006CB403706 and 2010CB950804)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(40775009 and 40875084)
文摘The aerosol effect on clouds was explored using remote sensing of aerosol and cloud data at Shouxian, China. Non-precipitation, ice-free, and overcast clouds were firstly chosen by a combination of sky images from the Total Sky Imager (TSI), cloud base heights from the Ceilometer, and vertical temperature profiles from the Balloon-Borne Sounding System (BBSS). Six cases were chosen in summer, and seven in autumn. The averaged cloud effective radii (re), cloud optical depth (COD), aerosol total light scattering coefficient (σ), and liquid water path (LWP) are, respectivey, 6.47 μm, 35.4, 595.9 mm-1, 0.19 mm in summer, and 6.07 μm, 96.0, 471.7 mm-1, 0.37 mm in autumn. The correlation coefficient between re and σ was found to change from negative to positive value as LWP increases.
