【目的】缓释尿素作为轻简施肥及减量施肥的新型肥料产品,其养分释放特性与作物养分需求规律的匹配度是作物高产的保证。论文主要探讨缓释尿素与普通尿素配合一次施用对整个生育期内水稻养分吸收特征的影响,为新型肥料产品的研发提供理...【目的】缓释尿素作为轻简施肥及减量施肥的新型肥料产品,其养分释放特性与作物养分需求规律的匹配度是作物高产的保证。论文主要探讨缓释尿素与普通尿素配合一次施用对整个生育期内水稻养分吸收特征的影响,为新型肥料产品的研发提供理论指导和技术支撑。【方法】采用早稻及晚稻的田间试验,设置6个施肥处理:(1)不施氮(CK);(2)100%缓释尿素(100%SRU);(3)75%缓释尿素+25%普通尿素(75%SRU+25%CU);(4)50%缓释尿素+50%普通尿素(50%SRU+50%CU);(5)25%缓释尿素+75%普通尿素(25%SRU+75%CU);(6)100%普通尿素(100%CU)。氮肥用量为150 kg N·hm^(-2),磷、钾肥的用量分别为55 kg P2O5·hm^(-2)、130 kg K2O·hm^(-2),采用过磷酸钙及氯化钾。在早稻生育期内多次采集植株样品进行氮、磷、钾分析。在灌浆期采集不同部位叶片及籽粒样品进行氮、磷、钾分析,并测定灌浆期剑叶SPAD值的变化,在水稻采收后测算产量和产量构成。【结果】75%缓释尿素+25%普通尿素的处理早稻和晚稻的产量均最高,100%缓释尿素、50%缓释尿素+50%普通尿素以及25%缓释尿素+75%普通尿素3个处理间在早、晚稻产量上均无显著性差异,但在不同程度上均优于100%普通尿素的处理。相对于100%普通尿素处理,添加缓释尿素的处理水稻有效穗数和穗粒数占相对优势,特别是在早稻上更为明显。在整个生育期内,100%缓释尿素处理水稻植株地上部干物重及氮累积量高于其他处理,并随着普通尿素添加比例的增加而递减。植株地上部(灌浆期不含籽粒)氮含量以100%缓释尿素处理最高,随着普通尿素添加比例的增加而逐渐降低。灌浆过程中籽粒、剑叶、倒二位叶及倒三位叶氮含量,以及剑叶SPAD均以100%缓释尿素处理最高,同样随着普通尿素添加比例的增加而不断降低。【结论】100%缓释尿素的处理水稻氮素供应过旺,水稻出现贪青且在晚稻上更为严重,导致产量的降低。75%缓释尿素+25%普通尿素的处理效果较好可用于水稻一次性施肥。所有添加缓释尿素的处理均不同程度的好于100%普通尿素的处理,出于成本考虑可适当下调缓释尿素的添加比例。展开更多
Diversity and nitrogenase activity of endophytic diazotrophs colonized in the wild rice Oryza rufipogon Griff grown in Boluo, Huilai County in Guangdong Province and Lingshui County in Hainan Province were studied. Th...Diversity and nitrogenase activity of endophytic diazotrophs colonized in the wild rice Oryza rufipogon Griff grown in Boluo, Huilai County in Guangdong Province and Lingshui County in Hainan Province were studied. Thirty-seven isolates obtained from Oryza rufipogon were identified as putative endophytic nitrogen-fixing bacteria by ARA (acetylene reduction assay) test and further confirmed by PCR amplification of nifH gene fragments. All obtained strains have ARA activity and the same sized nifH gene fragments. Above the similarity level of 80%, the obtained isolates were assigned as Group Ⅰ to Ⅷ by the clustering of IS-PCR fingerprints. The SDS-PAGE whole-cell protein patterns were similar to those of IS-PCR fingerprints. Components and contents of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) were used to differentiate the representative strains (Ls13, Ls8, BL1, BL12, HL6, Ls4) from Group Ⅰ to Group Ⅵ. The six representative strains showed significant difference in contents and components of cellular fatty acid methyl ester. 16S rDNA sequencing analysis showed that strains of Group Ⅰ to Ⅶ were located in Enterobacteraceae (γ-proteobacteria). Strains of Group Ⅰ and Group II were closely related to Klebsiella sp.; Strain Ls8 of Group Ⅱ was a little far away from the genus of Pantoea (homology level 96% with Pantoea agglomerans), which may represent a new species or genus in Enterobacteraceae; Strains of Groups IV and V belonged to different Enterobacter sp.; Strain Ls4 and Ls 9 representing Group Ⅵ were close to Citrobacter amalonaticus with 98% sequence similarity; Strain Ls15 of Group Ⅶ showed 98% sequence identity with Pantoea sp.; Strains of Group Ⅷ were assigned to the genus Ideonella (β-proteobacteria). Based on the above results, endophytic diazotrophs isolated from O. rufipogon showed great diversity and some diazotrophs showed high nitrogenase activity with 42.52 μmol/mL·h C2H4. Inoculation to rice tests indicated that the isolated endophytic diazotrophs significantly promoted the rice growth.展开更多
文摘【目的】缓释尿素作为轻简施肥及减量施肥的新型肥料产品,其养分释放特性与作物养分需求规律的匹配度是作物高产的保证。论文主要探讨缓释尿素与普通尿素配合一次施用对整个生育期内水稻养分吸收特征的影响,为新型肥料产品的研发提供理论指导和技术支撑。【方法】采用早稻及晚稻的田间试验,设置6个施肥处理:(1)不施氮(CK);(2)100%缓释尿素(100%SRU);(3)75%缓释尿素+25%普通尿素(75%SRU+25%CU);(4)50%缓释尿素+50%普通尿素(50%SRU+50%CU);(5)25%缓释尿素+75%普通尿素(25%SRU+75%CU);(6)100%普通尿素(100%CU)。氮肥用量为150 kg N·hm^(-2),磷、钾肥的用量分别为55 kg P2O5·hm^(-2)、130 kg K2O·hm^(-2),采用过磷酸钙及氯化钾。在早稻生育期内多次采集植株样品进行氮、磷、钾分析。在灌浆期采集不同部位叶片及籽粒样品进行氮、磷、钾分析,并测定灌浆期剑叶SPAD值的变化,在水稻采收后测算产量和产量构成。【结果】75%缓释尿素+25%普通尿素的处理早稻和晚稻的产量均最高,100%缓释尿素、50%缓释尿素+50%普通尿素以及25%缓释尿素+75%普通尿素3个处理间在早、晚稻产量上均无显著性差异,但在不同程度上均优于100%普通尿素的处理。相对于100%普通尿素处理,添加缓释尿素的处理水稻有效穗数和穗粒数占相对优势,特别是在早稻上更为明显。在整个生育期内,100%缓释尿素处理水稻植株地上部干物重及氮累积量高于其他处理,并随着普通尿素添加比例的增加而递减。植株地上部(灌浆期不含籽粒)氮含量以100%缓释尿素处理最高,随着普通尿素添加比例的增加而逐渐降低。灌浆过程中籽粒、剑叶、倒二位叶及倒三位叶氮含量,以及剑叶SPAD均以100%缓释尿素处理最高,同样随着普通尿素添加比例的增加而不断降低。【结论】100%缓释尿素的处理水稻氮素供应过旺,水稻出现贪青且在晚稻上更为严重,导致产量的降低。75%缓释尿素+25%普通尿素的处理效果较好可用于水稻一次性施肥。所有添加缓释尿素的处理均不同程度的好于100%普通尿素的处理,出于成本考虑可适当下调缓释尿素的添加比例。
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 30470002 & 30770001)Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University (Grant No. NCET-07-0315)Guangdong Province Key Research Project of Agriculture (Grant No. 2007B020711004)
文摘Diversity and nitrogenase activity of endophytic diazotrophs colonized in the wild rice Oryza rufipogon Griff grown in Boluo, Huilai County in Guangdong Province and Lingshui County in Hainan Province were studied. Thirty-seven isolates obtained from Oryza rufipogon were identified as putative endophytic nitrogen-fixing bacteria by ARA (acetylene reduction assay) test and further confirmed by PCR amplification of nifH gene fragments. All obtained strains have ARA activity and the same sized nifH gene fragments. Above the similarity level of 80%, the obtained isolates were assigned as Group Ⅰ to Ⅷ by the clustering of IS-PCR fingerprints. The SDS-PAGE whole-cell protein patterns were similar to those of IS-PCR fingerprints. Components and contents of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) were used to differentiate the representative strains (Ls13, Ls8, BL1, BL12, HL6, Ls4) from Group Ⅰ to Group Ⅵ. The six representative strains showed significant difference in contents and components of cellular fatty acid methyl ester. 16S rDNA sequencing analysis showed that strains of Group Ⅰ to Ⅶ were located in Enterobacteraceae (γ-proteobacteria). Strains of Group Ⅰ and Group II were closely related to Klebsiella sp.; Strain Ls8 of Group Ⅱ was a little far away from the genus of Pantoea (homology level 96% with Pantoea agglomerans), which may represent a new species or genus in Enterobacteraceae; Strains of Groups IV and V belonged to different Enterobacter sp.; Strain Ls4 and Ls 9 representing Group Ⅵ were close to Citrobacter amalonaticus with 98% sequence similarity; Strain Ls15 of Group Ⅶ showed 98% sequence identity with Pantoea sp.; Strains of Group Ⅷ were assigned to the genus Ideonella (β-proteobacteria). Based on the above results, endophytic diazotrophs isolated from O. rufipogon showed great diversity and some diazotrophs showed high nitrogenase activity with 42.52 μmol/mL·h C2H4. Inoculation to rice tests indicated that the isolated endophytic diazotrophs significantly promoted the rice growth.