雅江河谷防沙治沙工程近地表特性——林下植被特性、生物结皮及土壤养分变化特征

采用对比分析和时空互代法,从植被配置模式(杨树+砂生槐、砂生槐、花棒、藏沙蒿)、工程年限(6,10,30a)2个方面,研究了雅鲁藏布江(简称雅江)河谷防沙治沙生态工程实施过程中林下植被特性、地表生物结皮及土壤养分等变化特征.结果表明,工程年限为10a的乔灌(杨树+砂生槐)、灌木(砂生槐、花棒)型样地较草本(藏沙蒿)更有利于提高林下植物多样性,且杨树+砂生槐样地的林下植被地上生物量、枯落物量、地下生物量、土壤有机质、全氮与全磷含量均显著高于其他3种样地.藏沙蒿样地的生物结皮最为发育,花棒样地次之,杨树+砂生槐样地无结皮.随年限延长,杨树+砂生槐样地林下植物多样性、枯落物量、地下生物量、土壤有机质、全氮及全磷含量呈增加趋势,生物结皮仅在6a样地中有发育;砂生槐样地地上生物量、地下生物量、生物结皮逐渐增加,但植物多样性、全氮含量呈下降趋势,枯落物量、有机碳及全氮含量呈先增加后减小规律.不同配置模式中,杨树+砂生槐乔灌型样地各项指标综合表现最佳,并随工程年限延长,对促进河谷沙地植被演替、提高植被生产力、提升沙地肥力等作用愈强.建议该区防沙治沙工程中应推广杨树+砂生槐乔灌型模式为主.

元谋干热河谷区不同年限平沟建园地土壤水分物理性质研究

【目的】探究平沟建园工程实施不同年限后土壤水分物理性质的变化规律。【方法】选取了4个相邻的不同年限(0.5、5、10、15年)平沟建园典型样地及1个自然荒沟坡面对照样地(CK),对0~60 cm土层土壤的基本理化性质和持、蓄水性能进行研究。【结果】平沟建园工程实施后各土层容重较对照均显著提高,实施后期(10、15年)40~60 cm土层容重增加更为显著,且该土层总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度较对照显著降低;随实施年限增加容重呈增加趋势,孔隙度呈减小趋势,且容重5~10年内急剧增加后趋于稳定,孔隙度则在10年后急剧减小。饱和导水率在工程实施前期(0.5、5年)呈增加趋势,后期则呈减小趋势,且其40~60 cm土层下降趋势更显著;随年限增加,饱和导水率呈先增加后减小趋势,实施5年样地达最大值。工程实施前期仅0~40 cm土层饱和持水量、毛管持水量、田间持水量、饱和蓄水量和毛管蓄水量较对照呈减小趋势,后期则各土层均一致减小,且后期40~60 cm土层上述指标下降趋势更显著;上述指标均随年限呈先增加后减小趋势,建园伊始持、蓄水量缓慢上升,实施5年达最大值后逐渐下降。【结论】不同年限平沟建园工程的实施对0~60 cm土层水分物理性质均有一定影响,且对10、15年样地40~60 cm土层影响更为显著,开发10年后土壤结构明显变差,土壤质量有退化趋势。本研究结果可为综合评估平沟建园工程影响提供基础数据,也能为后续平沟建园地的开发和利用提供指导。

Wind erodibility indices of aeolian sandy soils impacted by different vegetation restoration:a case study from the Shannan valley of the Yarlung Zangbo River

Controlling aeolian desertification is a key ecological target on the Tibetan Plateau,especially within the widespread river valleys.Vegetation recovery can change the near-soil surface characteristics,which thus may influence wind erodibility of soils.However,these potential effects are not sufficiently evaluated for aeolian sandy soils.This study selected the Shannan valley of the Yarlung Zangbo River on the southern Tibetan Plateau as a case to investigate the variations in wind erodibility of aeolian sandy soils impacted by different vegetation restoration,since many ecological measures have been implemented in recent decades in the river valley.Eight vegetated sandy lands with different restoration types and ages and two bare sandy lands(as controls)were chosen as test sites.Four vegetated sandy lands were covered by Artemisia wellbyi,Hedysarum scoparium,Sophora moorcroftiana,and Populus L.with the similar restoration age of 10 years.For Sophora moorcroftiana and Populus L.communities,two restoration ages of 6 and over 30 years were also selected respectively.Wind erodibility was reflected by wind erodible fraction(EF),mean weight diameter of dry aggregates(MWD),capillary water capacity(CWC),soil cohesion(CS),and soil penetration resistance(PR)from different aspects.A comprehensive wind erodibility index(CWEI)was further produced by a weighted summation method to combine those five indices together and comprehensively quantify the effects of vegetation restoration on wind erodibility of aeolian sandy soils.The results showed that revegetation was efficient to reduce wind erodibility of aeolian sandy soils.EF generally decreased,while MWD,CWC,CS,and PR increased after vegetation restoration on the aeolian sandy lands.The CWEI of vegetated sandy lands varied greatly from 0.850 to 0 under different restoration types and ages and decreased by 14.4%to 100%compared to the control.Under the four different restoration types,Populus L.had the relatively minimum CWEI,followed by Artemisia wellbyi,Sophora moorcroftiana and Hedysarum scoparium.With succession from 6 to over 30 years,CWEI gradually declined for both the Populus L.and Sophora moorcroftiana restored sandy lands.The decreases in wind erodibility(reflected by CWEI)on vegetated sandy lands were dominantly controlled by the improvement of soil texture and the increases of organic matter and calcium carbonate contents with vegetation restoration.The combined vegetation measure of Populus L.mixed with shrubs and grasses was suggested as the optimal restoration type for mitigating wind erodibility of aeolian sandy soils in the Shannan valley of the Yarlung Zangbo River.