煤的显微组分定义与分类的国际标准"ICCP system 1994"是国际煤和有机岩石学委员会(ICCP)历经26 a(1991-2017)完成,按照显微组分组和发表的时间,该标准共分4个部分,分别是镜质体(1998)、惰质体(2001)、腐质体(2005)和类脂体(2...煤的显微组分定义与分类的国际标准"ICCP system 1994"是国际煤和有机岩石学委员会(ICCP)历经26 a(1991-2017)完成,按照显微组分组和发表的时间,该标准共分4个部分,分别是镜质体(1998)、惰质体(2001)、腐质体(2005)和类脂体(2017)。"ICCP system 1994"目前已被国际上从事煤岩学和有机岩石学研究的科研工作者广泛采用。国际煤和有机岩石学委员会在1994年第46届ICCP年会上确定了镜质体显微组分组、亚组和显微组分的定义和分类,并于1998年发表,它是"ICCP system 1994"重要的组成部分。在"ICCP system 1994"镜质体分类方案中,镜质体显微组分组被划分为3个亚组,结构镜质体亚组、碎屑镜质体亚组和凝胶镜质体亚组,它们分别进一步被划分为2个显微组分。其中,划分亚组的主要依据是植物组织的破环(降解)程度,显微组分之间的区分主要依据是凝胶化程度和(或)形貌特征。该分类体系与ICCP腐植体分类体系紧密关联。基于"ICCP system 1994",对镜质体各亚组和各显微组分的定义、光学特征、物理和化学特征、来源以及实际应用等方面进行了解析,对"ICCP system 1994"中镜质体显微组分分类提出了尽可能规范的中文名称。中华人民共和国国家标准《烟煤显微组分分类》(GB/T 15588—2013)和"ICCP system 1994"相比,前者采用了显微组分组、显微组分和显微亚组分的分类方案,将均质镜质体(Telocollinite;即本文中的胶质结构体Collotelinite)和基质镜质体(Desmocollinite;即本文中的胶质碎屑体Collodetrinite)划入无结构的显微亚组分。展开更多
与镜质体和类脂体相比,惰质体具有明显的惰性,特别是在碳化过程中其惰性更为明显。惰质体的定义和分类是“ICCP system 1994”的重要组成部分。在“ICCP system 1994”中,惰质体包含7种显微组分,不包含亚组。这7种显微组分包括丝质体、...与镜质体和类脂体相比,惰质体具有明显的惰性,特别是在碳化过程中其惰性更为明显。惰质体的定义和分类是“ICCP system 1994”的重要组成部分。在“ICCP system 1994”中,惰质体包含7种显微组分,不包含亚组。这7种显微组分包括丝质体、半丝质体、真菌体、分泌体、粗粒体、微粒体和惰质碎屑体;前3者保存细胞的结构,分泌体、粗粒体、微粒体没有保存植物的细胞结构。对于具有结构的惰质体显微组分,只有那些具有高反射率的组织细胞壁才能鉴定为惰质体的组分。该分类方案有2个突出特点:①真菌体和分泌体替代了旧分类方案中的菌类体;②重新定义了显微组分粗粒体,以便使其与分泌体之间有清晰的分辨界限。真菌体仅包括真菌的遗骸;虽然分泌体和真菌菌核的光学性质近似,但前者实际上是氧化后又经历了煤化作用的植物分泌物。惰质体其他显微组分和旧分类方案(即Stopes Heerlen烟煤显微组分分类方案)没有太大区别。“ICCP system 1994”和国家标准《烟煤显微组分分类》相比,2者之间的显微组分是相互对应的,但是后者多了显微亚组分(即丝质体分为火焚和氧化丝质体;粗粒体分为粗粒体1和粗粒体2)。对煤中丝质体属于火焚成因还是氧化成因或者其他成因,尚存在不同的认识。不同于镜质体的分类适于中阶煤和高阶煤,惰质体的分类适用于从泥炭到变无烟煤整个煤化作用阶段。展开更多
距国际煤和有机岩石学委员会(ICCP)讨论制定新的显微组分分类近30 a后,国际煤地质学杂志(International Journal of Coal Geology)于2017年发表了类脂体新的分类方案“Classification of liptinite-ICCP System 1994”。在此之前,ICCP...距国际煤和有机岩石学委员会(ICCP)讨论制定新的显微组分分类近30 a后,国际煤地质学杂志(International Journal of Coal Geology)于2017年发表了类脂体新的分类方案“Classification of liptinite-ICCP System 1994”。在此之前,ICCP发表了镜质体(ICCP,1998)、惰质体(ICCP,2001)和腐植体(Sykorova等,2005)的分类方案。类脂体新分类方案的发表,标志着ICCP完成了对煤显微组分分类体系的构建。这4个分类方案统称为“ICCP System 1994”。与ICCP的旧分类方案(Stopes Heerlen分类)相比,该类脂体分类适用于所有煤化作用程度的煤和变质程度的沉积岩中的分散有机质。新的类脂体分类方案包括9种显微组分,即角质体、木栓质体、孢子体、树脂体、渗出沥青体、叶绿素体、藻类体、类脂碎屑体、沥青质体。“ICCP system 1994”和中华人民共和国国家标准《烟煤显微组分分类》(GB/T 15588—2013)相比,后者有树皮体和荧光体,并明确地划分出了显微亚组分(即孢粉体分为大孢子体和小孢子体,藻类体分为结构藻类体和层状藻类体)。“ICCP system 1994”有叶绿素体,并将荧光体作为树脂体的一种。其他显微组分在国家标准《烟煤显微组分分类》和“ICCP System 1994”中相互对应。与“ICCP system 1994”的适用范围不同,国家标准《烟煤显微组分分类》适用于中阶煤。展开更多
国际煤地质学杂志(International Journal of Coal Geology)在2005年发表了褐煤腐植体显微组分的分类方案。由于我国没有低阶煤中腐植体的显微组分分类方案,因此“ICCP System 1994”中关于腐植体的显微组分的定义和分类方案对我国学者...国际煤地质学杂志(International Journal of Coal Geology)在2005年发表了褐煤腐植体显微组分的分类方案。由于我国没有低阶煤中腐植体的显微组分分类方案,因此“ICCP System 1994”中关于腐植体的显微组分的定义和分类方案对我国学者更具有特殊的意义。该显微组分分类方案(ICCP system 1994)在原分类方案的基础上,对腐植体显微组分的分类进行了修订,以便能够使其与其他显微组分,特别是镜质体分类中的相关术语更相匹配。该分类方案将腐植体显微组分为3个亚组,分别是结构腐植体亚组、碎屑腐植体亚组、凝胶腐植体亚组;每个显微组分亚组又分为2个显微组分,显微组分可以进一步分为显微亚组分以至显微组分种。虽然本分类方案主要针对的褐煤(指腐植体平均随机反射率低于0.4%的低阶煤,或称之木质褐煤),但适合于褐煤和亚烟煤,主要是因为镜质体和腐植体,以及次级的显微组分亚组之间具有对应的关系,因此,“ICCP system 1994”分类方案的腐植体和镜质体2种分类体系可以并行使用。目前,在显微组分以及细化的分类方面,研究者可根据低阶煤的性质和分析目的,选择腐植体和镜质体2个分类体系中的其中一种使用。这与新的ISO煤的分类方法一致。在ISO分类中,也涵盖了低阶煤,并且提出,对于低阶煤可联合使用腐植体和镜质体2种分类方法。展开更多
Coal-based graphene quantum dots(GQDs) were successfully produced via a one-step chemical synthesis from six different coal ranks, from which two superhigh organic sulfur(SHOS) coals were selected as natural S-doped c...Coal-based graphene quantum dots(GQDs) were successfully produced via a one-step chemical synthesis from six different coal ranks, from which two superhigh organic sulfur(SHOS) coals were selected as natural S-doped carbon sources for the preparation of S-doped GQDs. The effects of coal properties on coal-based GQDs were analyzed by means of high-resolution transmission electron microscopy(HRTEM), X-ray diffraction(XRD), Fourier transform infrared(FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS), ultraviolet-visible(UV-Vis) absorption spectroscopy, and fluorescence emission spectra. It was shown that all coal samples can be used to prepare GQDs, which emit bluegreen and blue fluorescence under ultraviolet light. Anthracite-based GQDs have a hexagonal crystal structure without defects, the largest size, and densely arranged carbon rings in their lamellae; the highrank bituminous coal-based GQDs are relatively reduced in size, with their hexagonal crystal structure being only faintly visible; the low-rank bituminous coal-based GQDs are the smallest, with sparse lattice fringes and visible internal defects. As the metamorphism of raw coals increases, the yield decreases and the fluorescence quantum yield(QY) initially increases and then decreases. Additionally, the surface of GQDs that were prepared using high-rank SHOS coal(high-rank bituminous coal) preserves rich sulfur content even after strong oxidation, which effectively adjusts the bandgap and improves the fluorescence QY. Thus, high-rank bituminous coal with SHOS content can be used as a natural S-doped carbon source to prepare S-doped GQDs, extending the clean utilization of low-grade coal.展开更多
Objective This work is based on analysis on large numbers of coal data such as the latest national coal potential evaluation data and previous data published by REN Deyi, TANG Xiuyi and LU Xukun, and the evaluation m...Objective This work is based on analysis on large numbers of coal data such as the latest national coal potential evaluation data and previous data published by REN Deyi, TANG Xiuyi and LU Xukun, and the evaluation methods of clean potential of coal resources proposed by predecessors. It is found that previous method rank coal is only in accordance with raw coal or washed coal, which fail to take full account of the changes in elements before and after coal washing. Some elements can be removed by washing or other methods, and others may be even enriched after the coal is washed. For this reason, this work defined a new parameter of cleanability and developed its calculation formula to determine the clean potential of coal resources. Cleanability is a comprehensive indicator based on the removal rate of each indicator harmful element in coal. The clean potential of coal is proportional to the value of cleanability. The higher the cleanability value is, the better the clean potential is, and vice versa.展开更多
文摘煤的显微组分定义与分类的国际标准"ICCP system 1994"是国际煤和有机岩石学委员会(ICCP)历经26 a(1991-2017)完成,按照显微组分组和发表的时间,该标准共分4个部分,分别是镜质体(1998)、惰质体(2001)、腐质体(2005)和类脂体(2017)。"ICCP system 1994"目前已被国际上从事煤岩学和有机岩石学研究的科研工作者广泛采用。国际煤和有机岩石学委员会在1994年第46届ICCP年会上确定了镜质体显微组分组、亚组和显微组分的定义和分类,并于1998年发表,它是"ICCP system 1994"重要的组成部分。在"ICCP system 1994"镜质体分类方案中,镜质体显微组分组被划分为3个亚组,结构镜质体亚组、碎屑镜质体亚组和凝胶镜质体亚组,它们分别进一步被划分为2个显微组分。其中,划分亚组的主要依据是植物组织的破环(降解)程度,显微组分之间的区分主要依据是凝胶化程度和(或)形貌特征。该分类体系与ICCP腐植体分类体系紧密关联。基于"ICCP system 1994",对镜质体各亚组和各显微组分的定义、光学特征、物理和化学特征、来源以及实际应用等方面进行了解析,对"ICCP system 1994"中镜质体显微组分分类提出了尽可能规范的中文名称。中华人民共和国国家标准《烟煤显微组分分类》(GB/T 15588—2013)和"ICCP system 1994"相比,前者采用了显微组分组、显微组分和显微亚组分的分类方案,将均质镜质体(Telocollinite;即本文中的胶质结构体Collotelinite)和基质镜质体(Desmocollinite;即本文中的胶质碎屑体Collodetrinite)划入无结构的显微亚组分。
文摘与镜质体和类脂体相比,惰质体具有明显的惰性,特别是在碳化过程中其惰性更为明显。惰质体的定义和分类是“ICCP system 1994”的重要组成部分。在“ICCP system 1994”中,惰质体包含7种显微组分,不包含亚组。这7种显微组分包括丝质体、半丝质体、真菌体、分泌体、粗粒体、微粒体和惰质碎屑体;前3者保存细胞的结构,分泌体、粗粒体、微粒体没有保存植物的细胞结构。对于具有结构的惰质体显微组分,只有那些具有高反射率的组织细胞壁才能鉴定为惰质体的组分。该分类方案有2个突出特点:①真菌体和分泌体替代了旧分类方案中的菌类体;②重新定义了显微组分粗粒体,以便使其与分泌体之间有清晰的分辨界限。真菌体仅包括真菌的遗骸;虽然分泌体和真菌菌核的光学性质近似,但前者实际上是氧化后又经历了煤化作用的植物分泌物。惰质体其他显微组分和旧分类方案(即Stopes Heerlen烟煤显微组分分类方案)没有太大区别。“ICCP system 1994”和国家标准《烟煤显微组分分类》相比,2者之间的显微组分是相互对应的,但是后者多了显微亚组分(即丝质体分为火焚和氧化丝质体;粗粒体分为粗粒体1和粗粒体2)。对煤中丝质体属于火焚成因还是氧化成因或者其他成因,尚存在不同的认识。不同于镜质体的分类适于中阶煤和高阶煤,惰质体的分类适用于从泥炭到变无烟煤整个煤化作用阶段。
文摘距国际煤和有机岩石学委员会(ICCP)讨论制定新的显微组分分类近30 a后,国际煤地质学杂志(International Journal of Coal Geology)于2017年发表了类脂体新的分类方案“Classification of liptinite-ICCP System 1994”。在此之前,ICCP发表了镜质体(ICCP,1998)、惰质体(ICCP,2001)和腐植体(Sykorova等,2005)的分类方案。类脂体新分类方案的发表,标志着ICCP完成了对煤显微组分分类体系的构建。这4个分类方案统称为“ICCP System 1994”。与ICCP的旧分类方案(Stopes Heerlen分类)相比,该类脂体分类适用于所有煤化作用程度的煤和变质程度的沉积岩中的分散有机质。新的类脂体分类方案包括9种显微组分,即角质体、木栓质体、孢子体、树脂体、渗出沥青体、叶绿素体、藻类体、类脂碎屑体、沥青质体。“ICCP system 1994”和中华人民共和国国家标准《烟煤显微组分分类》(GB/T 15588—2013)相比,后者有树皮体和荧光体,并明确地划分出了显微亚组分(即孢粉体分为大孢子体和小孢子体,藻类体分为结构藻类体和层状藻类体)。“ICCP system 1994”有叶绿素体,并将荧光体作为树脂体的一种。其他显微组分在国家标准《烟煤显微组分分类》和“ICCP System 1994”中相互对应。与“ICCP system 1994”的适用范围不同,国家标准《烟煤显微组分分类》适用于中阶煤。
文摘国际煤地质学杂志(International Journal of Coal Geology)在2005年发表了褐煤腐植体显微组分的分类方案。由于我国没有低阶煤中腐植体的显微组分分类方案,因此“ICCP System 1994”中关于腐植体的显微组分的定义和分类方案对我国学者更具有特殊的意义。该显微组分分类方案(ICCP system 1994)在原分类方案的基础上,对腐植体显微组分的分类进行了修订,以便能够使其与其他显微组分,特别是镜质体分类中的相关术语更相匹配。该分类方案将腐植体显微组分为3个亚组,分别是结构腐植体亚组、碎屑腐植体亚组、凝胶腐植体亚组;每个显微组分亚组又分为2个显微组分,显微组分可以进一步分为显微亚组分以至显微组分种。虽然本分类方案主要针对的褐煤(指腐植体平均随机反射率低于0.4%的低阶煤,或称之木质褐煤),但适合于褐煤和亚烟煤,主要是因为镜质体和腐植体,以及次级的显微组分亚组之间具有对应的关系,因此,“ICCP system 1994”分类方案的腐植体和镜质体2种分类体系可以并行使用。目前,在显微组分以及细化的分类方面,研究者可根据低阶煤的性质和分析目的,选择腐植体和镜质体2个分类体系中的其中一种使用。这与新的ISO煤的分类方法一致。在ISO分类中,也涵盖了低阶煤,并且提出,对于低阶煤可联合使用腐植体和镜质体2种分类方法。
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant No. 41172146)National Key Basic Research Program of China (grant No. 2014CB238905)
文摘Coal-based graphene quantum dots(GQDs) were successfully produced via a one-step chemical synthesis from six different coal ranks, from which two superhigh organic sulfur(SHOS) coals were selected as natural S-doped carbon sources for the preparation of S-doped GQDs. The effects of coal properties on coal-based GQDs were analyzed by means of high-resolution transmission electron microscopy(HRTEM), X-ray diffraction(XRD), Fourier transform infrared(FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS), ultraviolet-visible(UV-Vis) absorption spectroscopy, and fluorescence emission spectra. It was shown that all coal samples can be used to prepare GQDs, which emit bluegreen and blue fluorescence under ultraviolet light. Anthracite-based GQDs have a hexagonal crystal structure without defects, the largest size, and densely arranged carbon rings in their lamellae; the highrank bituminous coal-based GQDs are relatively reduced in size, with their hexagonal crystal structure being only faintly visible; the low-rank bituminous coal-based GQDs are the smallest, with sparse lattice fringes and visible internal defects. As the metamorphism of raw coals increases, the yield decreases and the fluorescence quantum yield(QY) initially increases and then decreases. Additionally, the surface of GQDs that were prepared using high-rank SHOS coal(high-rank bituminous coal) preserves rich sulfur content even after strong oxidation, which effectively adjusts the bandgap and improves the fluorescence QY. Thus, high-rank bituminous coal with SHOS content can be used as a natural S-doped carbon source to prepare S-doped GQDs, extending the clean utilization of low-grade coal.
基金jointly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant No.41572146/D0208)
文摘Objective This work is based on analysis on large numbers of coal data such as the latest national coal potential evaluation data and previous data published by REN Deyi, TANG Xiuyi and LU Xukun, and the evaluation methods of clean potential of coal resources proposed by predecessors. It is found that previous method rank coal is only in accordance with raw coal or washed coal, which fail to take full account of the changes in elements before and after coal washing. Some elements can be removed by washing or other methods, and others may be even enriched after the coal is washed. For this reason, this work defined a new parameter of cleanability and developed its calculation formula to determine the clean potential of coal resources. Cleanability is a comprehensive indicator based on the removal rate of each indicator harmful element in coal. The clean potential of coal is proportional to the value of cleanability. The higher the cleanability value is, the better the clean potential is, and vice versa.
