Urban environments lie at the confluence of social,cultural,and economic activities and have unique biophysical characteristics due to continued infrastructure development that generally replaces natural landscapes wi...Urban environments lie at the confluence of social,cultural,and economic activities and have unique biophysical characteristics due to continued infrastructure development that generally replaces natural landscapes with built-up structures.The vast majority of studies on urban perturbation of local weather and climate have been centered on the urban heat island(UHI)effect,referring to the higher temperature in cities compared to their natural surroundings.Besides the UHI effect and heat waves,urbanization also impacts atmospheric moisture,wind,boundary layer structure,cloud formation,dispersion of air pollutants,precipitation,and storms.In this review article,we first introduce the datasets and methods used in studying urban areas and their impacts through both observation and modeling and then summarize the scientific insights on the impact of urbanization on various aspects of regional climate and extreme weather based on more than 500 studies.We also highlight the major research gaps and challenges in our understanding of the impacts of urbanization and provide our perspective and recommendations for future research priorities and directions.展开更多
基金supported by the US Department of Energy,Office of Science,Biological and Environmental Research program,as part of the Regional and Global Modeling and Analysis(RGMA)program,Multi-sector Dynamics Modeling(MSD)program,and Earth System Model Development(ESMD)program,through the collaborative,multiprogram Integrated Coastal Modeling(ICoM)project,HyperFACETS project,and COMPASS-GLM projectPacific Northwest National Laboratory is operated for the Department of Energy by Battelle Memorial Institute under contract DE-AC05-76RL01830.
文摘Urban environments lie at the confluence of social,cultural,and economic activities and have unique biophysical characteristics due to continued infrastructure development that generally replaces natural landscapes with built-up structures.The vast majority of studies on urban perturbation of local weather and climate have been centered on the urban heat island(UHI)effect,referring to the higher temperature in cities compared to their natural surroundings.Besides the UHI effect and heat waves,urbanization also impacts atmospheric moisture,wind,boundary layer structure,cloud formation,dispersion of air pollutants,precipitation,and storms.In this review article,we first introduce the datasets and methods used in studying urban areas and their impacts through both observation and modeling and then summarize the scientific insights on the impact of urbanization on various aspects of regional climate and extreme weather based on more than 500 studies.We also highlight the major research gaps and challenges in our understanding of the impacts of urbanization and provide our perspective and recommendations for future research priorities and directions.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42171306,42001270,and 42201337)for providing support for this current studythe support from the National Youth Talent Support Program of Chinasupported by Coastal Observations,Mechanisms,and Predictions Across Systems and Scales-Great Lakes Modeling(COMPASS-GLM),a multi-institutional project supported by the U.S.Department of Energy,Office of Science,Office of Biological and Environmental Research as part of the Earth and Environmental Systems Modeling program。
