<strong>Background:</strong><span style="font-family:""> This study is aimed towards an exploration of mutant genes in primary liver cancer (PLC) patients by using bioinformatics and d...<strong>Background:</strong><span style="font-family:""> This study is aimed towards an exploration of mutant genes in primary liver cancer (PLC) patients by using bioinformatics and data mining techniques. <b>Methods: </b>Peripheral blood or paraffin-embedded tissues from 8 patients with PLC were analyzed using a 551 cancer-related gene panel on an Illumina NextSeq500 Sequencer (Illumina). Meanwhile, the data of 396 PLC cases were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. The common mutated genes were obtained after integrating the mutation information of the above two cohorts, followed by functional enrichment and protein-protein interaction (PPI) analyses. Three well-known databases, including Vogelstein’s list, the Network of Cancer Gene (NCG), and the Catalog of Somatic Mutations in Cancer (COSMIC) database were used to screen driver genes. Furthermore, the Chi-square and logistic analysis were performed to analyze the correlation between the driver genes and clinicopathological characteristics, and Kaplan</span><span style="font-family:"">-</span><span style="font-family:"">Meier (KM) method and multivariate Cox analysis were conducted to evaluate the overall survival outcome. <b>Results:</b> In total, 84 mutation genes were obtained after 8 PLC patients undergoing gene mutation detection with next-generation sequencing (NGS). The top 100 most mutate gene data from PLC patients in TCGA database were downloaded. After integrating the above two cohorts, 17 common mutated genes were identified. Next, 11 driver genes were screened out by analyzing the intersection of the 17 mutation genes and the genes in the three well-known databases. Among them, RB1, TP53, and KRAS gene mutations were connected with clinicopathological characteristics, while all the 11 gene mutations had no relationship with overall survival. <b>Conclusion:</b> This study investigated the mutant genes with significant clinical implications in PLC patients, which may improve the knowledge of gene mutations in PLC molecular pathogenesis.</span>展开更多
Symmetry plays a crucial role in explorations of the laws of nature.Parity-time(PT)symmetry phenomena can lead to entirely real spectra in non-Hermitian systems,which attracts considerable attention in the fields of o...Symmetry plays a crucial role in explorations of the laws of nature.Parity-time(PT)symmetry phenomena can lead to entirely real spectra in non-Hermitian systems,which attracts considerable attention in the fields of optics and electronics because these phenomena provide a new tool for the manipulation of oscillation modes and nonreciprocal signal transmission.A potential new field of application is microwave photonics,an interdisciplinary field in which the interaction between microwaves and optical signals is exploited.In this article,we report the experimental use of PT symmetry in an optoelectronic oscillator(OEO),a key microwave photonics system that can generate singlefrequency sinusoidal signals with high spectral purity.PT symmetry is theoretically analyzed and experimentally observed in an OEO with two mutually coupled active oscillation cavities via a precise manipulation of the interplay between gain and loss in the two oscillation cavities.Stable single-frequency microwave oscillation is achieved without using any optical/electrical filters for oscillation mode selection,which is an indispensable requirement in traditional OEOs.This observation opens new avenues for signal generation and processing based on the PT symmetry principle in microwave photonics.展开更多
Oscillators are one of the key elements in various applications as a signal source to generate periodic oscillations.Among them,an optical parametric oscillator(OPO)is a driven harmonic oscillator based on parametric ...Oscillators are one of the key elements in various applications as a signal source to generate periodic oscillations.Among them,an optical parametric oscillator(OPO)is a driven harmonic oscillator based on parametric frequency conversion in an optical cavity,which has been widely investigated as a coherent light source with an extremely wide wavelength tuning range.However,steady oscillation in an OPO is confined by the cavity delay,which leads to difficulty in frequency tuning,and the frequency tuning is discrete with the minimum tuning step determined by the cavity delay.Here,we propose and demonstrate a counterpart of an OPO in the optoelectronic domain,i.e.,an optoelectronic parametric oscillator(OEPO)based on parametric frequency conversion in an optoelectronic cavity to generate microwave signals.Owing to the unique energy-transition process in the optoelectronic cavity,the phase evolution in the OEPO is not linear,leading to steady single-mode oscillation or multimode oscillation that is not bounded by the cavity delay.Furthermore,the multimode oscillation in the OEPO is stable and easy to realize owing to the phase control of the parametric frequency-conversion process in the optoelectronic cavity,while stable multimode oscillation is difficult to achieve in conventional oscillators such as an optoelectronic oscillator(OEO)or an OPO due to the mode-hopping and mode-competition effect.The proposed OEPO has great potential in applications such as microwave signal generation,oscillator-based computation,and radio-frequency phase-stable transfer.展开更多
An optoelectronic oscillator(OEO)is a microwave photonic system that produces microwave signals with ultralow phase noise using a high-quality-factor optical energy storage element.This type of oscillator is desired i...An optoelectronic oscillator(OEO)is a microwave photonic system that produces microwave signals with ultralow phase noise using a high-quality-factor optical energy storage element.This type of oscillator is desired in various practical applications,such as communication links,signal processing,radar,metrology,radio astronomy,and reference clock distribution.Recently,new mode control and selection methods based on Fourier domain mode-locking and parity-time symmetry have been proposed and experimentally demonstrated in OEOs,which overcomes the long-existing mode building time and mode selection problems in a traditional OEO.Due to these mode control and selection methods,continuously chirped microwave waveforms can be generated directly from the OEO cavity and single-mode operation can be achieved without the need of ultranarrowband filters,which are not possible in a traditional OEO.Integrated OEOs with a compact size and low power consumption have also been demonstrated,which are key steps toward a new generation of compact and versatile OEOs for demanding applications.We review recent progress in the field of OEOs,with particular attention to new mode control and selection methods,as well as chip-scale integration of OEOs.展开更多
Dissipative solitons relying on the double balance between nonlinear and linear effects as well as cavity loss and gain have attracted increasing attention in recent years,since they give rise to novel operating state...Dissipative solitons relying on the double balance between nonlinear and linear effects as well as cavity loss and gain have attracted increasing attention in recent years,since they give rise to novel operating states of various dissipative nonlinear systems.An optoelectronic oscillator(OEO)is a dissipative nonlinear microwave photonic system with a high quality factor that has been widely investigated for generating ultra-low noise single-frequency microwave signals.Here,we report a novel operating state of an OEO related to dissipative solitons,i.e.,spontaneous frequency hopping related to the formation of dissipative microwave photonic solitons.In this operating state,dissipative microwave photonic solitons occur due to the double balance between nonlinear gain saturation and linear filtering as well as cavity loss and gain in the OEO cavity,creating spontaneous frequencyhopping microwave signals.The generation of wideband tunable frequency-hopping microwave signals with a fast frequency-hopping speed up to tens of nanoseconds is observed in the experiment,together with the corresponding soliton sequences.This work reveals a novel mechanism between the interaction of nonlinear and linear effects in an OEO cavity,extends the suitability and potential applications of solitons,and paves the way for a new class of soliton microwave photonic systems for the generation,processing,and control of microwave and RF signals.展开更多
Ising machines based on analog systems have the potential to accelerate the solution of ubiquitous combinatorial optimization problems.Although some artificial spins to support large-scale Ising machines have been rep...Ising machines based on analog systems have the potential to accelerate the solution of ubiquitous combinatorial optimization problems.Although some artificial spins to support large-scale Ising machines have been reported,e.g.,superconducting qubits in quantum annealers and short optical pulses in coherent Ising machines,the spin stability is fragile due to the ultra-low equivalent temperature or optical phase sensitivity.In this paper,we propose to use short microwave pulses generated from an optoelectronic parametric oscillator as the spins to implement a large-scale Ising machine with high stability.The proposed machine supports 25,600 spins and can operate continuously and stably for hours.Moreover,the proposed Ising machine is highly compatible with high-speed electronic devices for programmability,paving a low-cost,accurate,and easy-to-implement way toward solving real-world optimization problems.展开更多
文摘<strong>Background:</strong><span style="font-family:""> This study is aimed towards an exploration of mutant genes in primary liver cancer (PLC) patients by using bioinformatics and data mining techniques. <b>Methods: </b>Peripheral blood or paraffin-embedded tissues from 8 patients with PLC were analyzed using a 551 cancer-related gene panel on an Illumina NextSeq500 Sequencer (Illumina). Meanwhile, the data of 396 PLC cases were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. The common mutated genes were obtained after integrating the mutation information of the above two cohorts, followed by functional enrichment and protein-protein interaction (PPI) analyses. Three well-known databases, including Vogelstein’s list, the Network of Cancer Gene (NCG), and the Catalog of Somatic Mutations in Cancer (COSMIC) database were used to screen driver genes. Furthermore, the Chi-square and logistic analysis were performed to analyze the correlation between the driver genes and clinicopathological characteristics, and Kaplan</span><span style="font-family:"">-</span><span style="font-family:"">Meier (KM) method and multivariate Cox analysis were conducted to evaluate the overall survival outcome. <b>Results:</b> In total, 84 mutation genes were obtained after 8 PLC patients undergoing gene mutation detection with next-generation sequencing (NGS). The top 100 most mutate gene data from PLC patients in TCGA database were downloaded. After integrating the above two cohorts, 17 common mutated genes were identified. Next, 11 driver genes were screened out by analyzing the intersection of the 17 mutation genes and the genes in the three well-known databases. Among them, RB1, TP53, and KRAS gene mutations were connected with clinicopathological characteristics, while all the 11 gene mutations had no relationship with overall survival. <b>Conclusion:</b> This study investigated the mutant genes with significant clinical implications in PLC patients, which may improve the knowledge of gene mutations in PLC molecular pathogenesis.</span>
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under 61535012 and 61522509supported by the National High-Tech Research and Development Program of China under 2015AA017102supported in part by the Thousand Young Talents Program.
文摘Symmetry plays a crucial role in explorations of the laws of nature.Parity-time(PT)symmetry phenomena can lead to entirely real spectra in non-Hermitian systems,which attracts considerable attention in the fields of optics and electronics because these phenomena provide a new tool for the manipulation of oscillation modes and nonreciprocal signal transmission.A potential new field of application is microwave photonics,an interdisciplinary field in which the interaction between microwaves and optical signals is exploited.In this article,we report the experimental use of PT symmetry in an optoelectronic oscillator(OEO),a key microwave photonics system that can generate singlefrequency sinusoidal signals with high spectral purity.PT symmetry is theoretically analyzed and experimentally observed in an OEO with two mutually coupled active oscillation cavities via a precise manipulation of the interplay between gain and loss in the two oscillation cavities.Stable single-frequency microwave oscillation is achieved without using any optical/electrical filters for oscillation mode selection,which is an indispensable requirement in traditional OEOs.This observation opens new avenues for signal generation and processing based on the PT symmetry principle in microwave photonics.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China under 2018YFB2201902the National Natural Science Foundation of China under 61925505+1 种基金partly supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China under 2018YFB2201901,2018YFB2201903the National Natural Science Foundation of China under 61535012 and 61705217.
文摘Oscillators are one of the key elements in various applications as a signal source to generate periodic oscillations.Among them,an optical parametric oscillator(OPO)is a driven harmonic oscillator based on parametric frequency conversion in an optical cavity,which has been widely investigated as a coherent light source with an extremely wide wavelength tuning range.However,steady oscillation in an OPO is confined by the cavity delay,which leads to difficulty in frequency tuning,and the frequency tuning is discrete with the minimum tuning step determined by the cavity delay.Here,we propose and demonstrate a counterpart of an OPO in the optoelectronic domain,i.e.,an optoelectronic parametric oscillator(OEPO)based on parametric frequency conversion in an optoelectronic cavity to generate microwave signals.Owing to the unique energy-transition process in the optoelectronic cavity,the phase evolution in the OEPO is not linear,leading to steady single-mode oscillation or multimode oscillation that is not bounded by the cavity delay.Furthermore,the multimode oscillation in the OEPO is stable and easy to realize owing to the phase control of the parametric frequency-conversion process in the optoelectronic cavity,while stable multimode oscillation is difficult to achieve in conventional oscillators such as an optoelectronic oscillator(OEO)or an OPO due to the mode-hopping and mode-competition effect.The proposed OEPO has great potential in applications such as microwave signal generation,oscillator-based computation,and radio-frequency phase-stable transfer.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFB2201902,2018YFB2201901,2018YFB2201903)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61925505,61535012,61705217)
文摘An optoelectronic oscillator(OEO)is a microwave photonic system that produces microwave signals with ultralow phase noise using a high-quality-factor optical energy storage element.This type of oscillator is desired in various practical applications,such as communication links,signal processing,radar,metrology,radio astronomy,and reference clock distribution.Recently,new mode control and selection methods based on Fourier domain mode-locking and parity-time symmetry have been proposed and experimentally demonstrated in OEOs,which overcomes the long-existing mode building time and mode selection problems in a traditional OEO.Due to these mode control and selection methods,continuously chirped microwave waveforms can be generated directly from the OEO cavity and single-mode operation can be achieved without the need of ultranarrowband filters,which are not possible in a traditional OEO.Integrated OEOs with a compact size and low power consumption have also been demonstrated,which are key steps toward a new generation of compact and versatile OEOs for demanding applications.We review recent progress in the field of OEOs,with particular attention to new mode control and selection methods,as well as chip-scale integration of OEOs.
基金National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFB2201901,2018YFB2201902,2018YFB2201903)National Natural Science Foundation of China(61925505)Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation(Z210005).
文摘Dissipative solitons relying on the double balance between nonlinear and linear effects as well as cavity loss and gain have attracted increasing attention in recent years,since they give rise to novel operating states of various dissipative nonlinear systems.An optoelectronic oscillator(OEO)is a dissipative nonlinear microwave photonic system with a high quality factor that has been widely investigated for generating ultra-low noise single-frequency microwave signals.Here,we report a novel operating state of an OEO related to dissipative solitons,i.e.,spontaneous frequency hopping related to the formation of dissipative microwave photonic solitons.In this operating state,dissipative microwave photonic solitons occur due to the double balance between nonlinear gain saturation and linear filtering as well as cavity loss and gain in the OEO cavity,creating spontaneous frequencyhopping microwave signals.The generation of wideband tunable frequency-hopping microwave signals with a fast frequency-hopping speed up to tens of nanoseconds is observed in the experiment,together with the corresponding soliton sequences.This work reveals a novel mechanism between the interaction of nonlinear and linear effects in an OEO cavity,extends the suitability and potential applications of solitons,and paves the way for a new class of soliton microwave photonic systems for the generation,processing,and control of microwave and RF signals.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2018YFB2201902, 2018YFB2201901, and 2018YFB2201903)partly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (61925505, 61535012, 61705217, 12033007, 61875205, 61801458, and 91836301)+1 种基金Frontier Science Key Research Project of CAS (QYZDB-SSW-SLH007)Strategic Priority Research Program of CAS (XDC07020200)
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFB2801804)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62135014,61925505,62001043)the Key Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(ZDRW-XX-2022-3,ZDRW-XX-2022-3-1).
文摘Ising machines based on analog systems have the potential to accelerate the solution of ubiquitous combinatorial optimization problems.Although some artificial spins to support large-scale Ising machines have been reported,e.g.,superconducting qubits in quantum annealers and short optical pulses in coherent Ising machines,the spin stability is fragile due to the ultra-low equivalent temperature or optical phase sensitivity.In this paper,we propose to use short microwave pulses generated from an optoelectronic parametric oscillator as the spins to implement a large-scale Ising machine with high stability.The proposed machine supports 25,600 spins and can operate continuously and stably for hours.Moreover,the proposed Ising machine is highly compatible with high-speed electronic devices for programmability,paving a low-cost,accurate,and easy-to-implement way toward solving real-world optimization problems.