Universality of Periodic Oscillation Induced in Side Branch of a T-Junction in Numerical Simulation

The flow instability through the side branch of a T-junction is analyzed in a numerical simulation. In a previous experimental study, the authors clarified the mechanism of fluid-induced vibration in the side branch of the T-junction in laminar steady flow through the trunk. However, in that approach there were restrictions with respect to extracting details of flow behavior such as the flow instability and the distribution of wall shear stress along the wall. Here the spatial growth of the velocity perturbation at the upstream boundary of the side branch is investigated. The simulation result indicates that a periodic velocity fluctuation introduced at the upstream boundary is amplified downstream, in good agreement with experimental result. The fluctuation in wall shear stress because of the flow instability shows local extrema in both the near and distal walls. From the numerical simulation, the downstream fluid oscillation under a typical condition has a Strouhal number of 1.05, which approximately agrees with the value obtained in experiments. Therefore, this periodic oscillation motion is a universal phenomenon in the side branch of a T-junction.

Fluid Vibration Induced in T-Junction with Double Side Branches

A T-junction is a fundamental fluid element prevalent in pipe networks of water supplies and power plants. In the present study, a double T-junction was investigated for flow instability and fluid vibration. Both axi-aligned and skewed double T-junctions are examined from viewpoint of flow instability. With single-phase flow in an open-ended double T-junction, fluid vibration is induced in both side branches because of a high shear rate with a point of inflection. The frequency of vibration in the downstream branch is higher than that in the upstream branch. Except for the upstream branch in the skewed double T-junction, the frequency is higher than that in a single T-junction. The fluid vibrations are closely associated with the fluid interference created by the presence of the two side branches.

A Review of Measurement-Integrated Simulation of Complex Real Flows

In spite of the inherent difficulty, reproducing the exact structure of real flows is a critically important issue in many fields, such as weather forecasting or feedback flow control. In order to obtain information on real flows, extensive studies have been carried out on methodology to integrate measurement and simulation, for example, the four-dimensional variational data assimilation method (4D-Var) or the state estimator such as the Kalman filter or the state observer. Measurement-integrated (MI) simulation is a state observer in which a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) scheme is used as a mathematical model of the physical system instead of a small dimensional linear dynamical system usually used in state observers. A large dimensional nonlinear CFD model makes it possible to accurately reproduce real flows for properly designed feedback signals. This review article surveys the theoretical formulations and applications of MI simulation. Formulations of MI simulation are presented, including governing equations of a flow field observer, those of a linearized error dynamics describing the convergence of the observer, and stabilization of the numerical scheme, which is important in implementation of MI simulation. Applications of MI simulation are presented ranging from fundamental turbulent flows in pipes and Karman vortices in a wind tunnel to clinical application in diagnosis of blood flows in a human body.

Grid Convergence Property of Three-Dimensional Measurement-Integrated Simulation for Unsteady Flow behind a Square Cylinder with Karman Vortex Street

The purpose of this study was to clarify grid convergence property of three-dimensional measurement-integrated (3D-MI) simulation for a flow behind a square cylinder with Karman vortex street. Measurement-integrated (MI) simulation is a kind of the observer in the dynamical system theory by using CFD scheme as a mathematical model of the system. In a former study, two-dimensional MI (2D-MI) simulation with a coarse grid system showed a fairly good result in comparison with a 2D ordinary (2D-O) simulation, but the results were degraded with grid refinement. In this study, 3D-MI simulation and three-dimensional ordinary (3D-O) simulation were performed with three grid systems of different grid resolutions, and their grid convergence properties were compared. As a result, all 3D-MI simulations reproduced the vortex shedding frequency identical to that of the experiment, and the flow fields obtained were very close, within 5% difference between the results, while the results of the 3D-O simulations showed variation of the solution under convergence. It is shown that the grid convergence property of 3D-MI simulation is monotonic and better than that of 3D-O simulation, whereas those of 2D-O and 2D-MI simulations for streamwise velocity fluctuation are divergent. The solution of 3D-MI simulation with a relatively coarse grid system properly reproduces the basic three-dimensional structure of the wake flow as well as the drag and lift coefficients.

VISUALIZATION OF TURBULENT REACTIVE JET BY USING DIRECT NUMERICAL SIMULATION

Direct numerical simulation(DNS)of turbulent planar jet with a second-order chemical reaction(A+B→R)is performed to investigate the processes of mixing and chemical reactions in spatially developing turbulent free shear flows.Reactant A is premixed into the jet flow,and reactant B is premixed into the ambient flow.DNS is performed at three different Damk¨ohler numbers(Da=0.1,1,and 10).Damk¨ohler number is a ratio of a time scale of a flow to that of chemical reactions,and in this study,the large Da means a fast chemical reaction,and the small Da means a slow chemical reaction.The visualization of velocity field shows that the jet flow is developed by entraining the ambient fluid.The visualization of concentration of reactant A shows that concentration of reactant A for Da=1 and 10 becomes very small in the downstream region because the chemical reaction consumes the reactants and reactant A is diffused with the jet development.By comparison of the profiles of chemical reaction rate and concentration of product R,it is found that product R for Da=10 is produced by the chemical reaction at the interface between the jet and the ambient fluids and is diffused into the jet flow,whereas product R for Da=0.1 is produced in the jet flow after reactants A and B are well mixed.

Foreword

Toshiyuki Hayase graduated at the Master course in Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University in Mechanical Engineering in 1980, and became a Research Associate in the same university. He was an Associate Professor of the Institute of Fluid Science, Tohoku University in 1990, and a Professor since 2000, and a Director from 2008 to 2014. His research interest is measurement-integrated simulation of complex flow problems. He is a Fellow of Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers （JSME） and a member of Japan Fluid Power System Society （JFPS） and Society of Instrument and Control Engineers （SICE）.