A functionalized activated carbon adsorbent prepared from waste amidoxime resin by modifying with H_(3)PO_(4) and ZnCl_(2) and its excellent Cr(Ⅵ)adsorption

With the application of resins in various fields, numerous waste resins that are difficult to treat have been produced. The industrial wastewater containing Cr(Ⅵ) has severely polluted soil and groundwater environments, thereby endangering human health. Therefore, in this paper, a novel functionalized mesoporous adsorbent PPR-Z was synthesized from waste amidoxime resin for adsorbing Cr(Ⅵ). The waste amidoxime resin was first modified with H3PO4 and ZnCl_(2), and subsequently, it was carbonized through slow thermal decomposition. The static adsorption of PPR-Z conforms to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm, indicating that the Cr(Ⅵ) adsorption by PPR-Z is mostly chemical adsorption and exhibits single-layer adsorption. The saturated adsorption capacity of the adsorbent for Cr(Ⅵ) could reach 255.86 mg/g. The adsorbent could effectively reduce Cr(Ⅵ) to Cr(Ⅲ) and decrease the toxicity of Cr(Ⅵ) during adsorption. PPR-Z exhibited Cr(Ⅵ) selectivity in electroplating wastewater. The main mechanisms involved in the Cr(Ⅵ) adsorption are the chemical reduction of Cr(Ⅵ) into Cr(Ⅲ) and electrostatic and coordination interactions. Preparation of PPR-Z not only solves the problem of waste resin treatment but also effectively controls Cr(Ⅵ) pollution and realizes the concept of “treating waste with waste”.

Solvent extraction and separation of cobalt from leachate of spent lithium-ion battery cathodes with N263 in nitrite media

To effectively separate and recover Co(Ⅱ) from the leachate of spent lithium-ion battery cathodes,we investigated solvent extraction with quaternary ammonium salt N263 in the sodium nitrite system.NO_(2)^(-)combines with Co(Ⅱ) to form an anion [Co(NO_(2))_(3)]^(-),and it is then extracted by N263.The extraction of Co(Ⅱ) is related to the concentration of NO_(2)^(-).The extraction efficiency of Co(Ⅱ) reaches the maximum of99.16%,while the extraction efficiencies of Ni(Ⅱ),Mn(Ⅱ),and Li(Ⅰ) are 9.27%-9.80% under the following conditions:30vol% of N263 and15vol% of iso-propyl alcohol in sulfonated kerosene,the volume ratio of the aqueous-to-organic phase is 2:1,the extraction time is 30 min,and1 M sodium nitrite in 0.1 MHNO_(3).The theoretical stages require for the Co(Ⅱ) extraction are performed in the McCabe–Thiele diagram,and the extraction efficiency of Co(Ⅱ) reaches more than 99.00% after three-stage counter-current extraction with Co(Ⅱ) concentration of 2544mg/L.When the HCl concentration is 1.5 M,the volume ratio of the aqueous-to-organic phase is 1:1,the back-extraction efficiency of Co(Ⅱ)achieves 91.41%.After five extraction and back-extraction cycles,the Co(Ⅱ) extraction efficiency can still reach 93.89%.The Co(Ⅱ) extraction efficiency in the actual leaching solution reaches 100%.

热浸镀锌层界面的微区电化学腐蚀行为

目的探究钢铁热浸镀锌的镀层/钢基体界面的微区电化学特性及腐蚀行为。方法采用扫描电化学显微镜(SECM)分析技术,研究镀层/钢基体界面在0.1 mol/L NaCl溶液腐蚀过程中微区电流的演变过程,结合扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)、3D显微镜以及X射线衍射技术(XRD)等分析腐蚀产物的物相组成与分布规律。结果在腐蚀过程中,镀锌钢的腐蚀产物主要分布在热浸镀锌层界面处靠近钢基体的一侧,在镀锌层表面的分布较少,腐蚀产物主要由Zn_(5)(OH)_(8)Cl_(2)、Zn_(5)(OH)_(6)(CO_(3))_(2)与ZnO等物相组成。在腐蚀开始阶段,钢基体区域的SECM还原电流(I=1.2)大于镀锌层(I=1.1)。随着腐蚀时间的延长,镀层/钢基体界面处的SECM还原电流整体降低,同时在界面靠近钢基体一侧存在电流凹陷区(I=1.0),表明腐蚀产物主要沉积在此处,并对镀层的腐蚀起到保护作用。此外,在腐蚀过程中氧气的消耗主要发生在钢基体区域,随着腐蚀时间的增加,镀层和钢基体表面的溶解氧含量都逐渐降低。结论在浸泡腐蚀过程中,镀锌层作为阳极,溶解生成Zn^(2+),并向钢基体区域扩散,同时钢基体表面消耗氧气,还原形成OH–向镀锌层区域扩散。Zn^(2+)与OH^(–)以及溶液中其他离子结合,生成腐蚀产物,在靠近镀层/钢基体界面处的钢基体一侧沉淀,对钢基体起到一定的保护作用。

酸性溶液中铼的电沉积行为

采用电化学循环伏安法、恒电位沉积法和电化学石英微晶天平(EQCM)研究铼在酸性溶液中的电沉积行为。结果表明:当溶液接近中性(pH=6)时,金属铼难以被还原出来;当溶液酸度较低(pH=3)时,电沉积产物含有铼的氧化物(ReO_(3));当溶液酸度较高时(pH=1),电沉积产物为金属铼,所得产物的微观形貌中存在明显的裂纹;且随着溶液中ReO_(4)^(-)浓度的增加,铼的电沉积得到促进。在1.0 mmol/L ReO_(4)^(-)(pH=1)溶液中铼的沉积电位为−0.68 V。通过恒电位沉积得出不同条件下的电解效率,最高可达5.62%。

Invited Review Reduction,reuse and recycle of spent Li-ion batteries for automobiles:A review

The demand for Li-ion batteries (LIBs) for vehicles is increasing. However, LIBs use valuable rare metals, such as Co and Li, aswell as environmentally toxic reagents. LIBs are also necessary to utilize for a long period and to recycle useful materials. The reduction, reuse,and recycle (3R) of spent LIBs is an important consideration in constructing a circular economy. In this paper, a flowsheet of the 3R of LIBs isproposed and methods to reduce the utilization of valuable rare metals and the amount of spent LIBs by remanufacturing used parts and designingnew batteries considering the concept of 3R are described. Next, several technological processes for the reuse and recycling of LIBs are introduced.These technologies include discharge, sorting, crushing, binder removal, physical separation, and pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgicalprocessing. Each process, as well as the related physical, chemical, and biological treatments, are discussed. Finally, the problem of developedtechnologies and future subjects for 3R of LIBs are described.

Electrochemical recycling of Pd and Ag from simulated high-level liquid waste

For the recycling of Pd and Ag from high-level liquid waste(HLLW), the electrochemical behaviors of Pd and Ag in the simulated HNO_(3) solutions were investigated by cyclic voltammetry and potentiostatic deposition.Scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and X-ray diffraction(XRD) were used to-observe the deposits morphology and to evaluate their composition. The results indicate that the formation of NO_(2)^(-)electrodeposited. When Pd and Ag are electrodeposited together, more metals are gained in the same time, and the deposited Ag does not dissolve in this situation. The metals are electrodeposited completely at the potentials from -0.4 to -0.6 V(vs MSE) and the deposits contai-n Ag and PdHx. The electrodeposition of Pd can boost h-ydrogen evolution,and then the reaction between H;and NO_(2)^(-)is sped up, thereby lowering the concentration of NO_(2)^(-)and inhibiting the dissolution of Ag.

Sorting Techniques for Plastics Recycling

This paper presents the basic principles of three different types of separating methods and a general guideline for choosing the most effective method for sorting plastic mixtures. It also presents the results of the tests carried out for separation of PVC, ABS and PET from different kinds of plastic mixtures in order to improve the grade of the raw input used in mechanical or feedstock recycling.

Ultrathin Ni(OH)_(2) nanosheets decorated with Zn_(0.5)Cd_(0.5)S nanoparticles as 2D/0D heterojunctions for highly enhanced visible light‐driven photocatalytic hydrogen evolution

Designing and fabricating highly efficient photocatalysts for water splitting is a promising strategy to address energy and environmental issues.Cadmium sulfide(CdS)has received significant interest as a photocatalyst for visible‐light‐induced hydrogen(H2)generation.However,the severe photocorrosion,high overpotential,rapid charge recombination,and sluggish surface reaction kinetics drastically hinder its practical application in water splitting.Herein,uniform zinc cadmium sulfide(Zn_(0.5)Cd_(0.5)S)nanoparticles were anchored on ultrathin Ni(OH)_(2)nanosheets via a facile solution‐phase approach to form an intimate two‐dimensional(2D)/zero‐dimensional(0D)heterojunction.Under visible light irradiation,the 7%Ni(OH)_(2)/Zn_(0.5)Cd_(0.5)S composite exhibited the highest H2 production rate of 6.87 mmol·h^(–1)·g^(–1)with an apparent quantum yield of 16.8%at 420 nm,which is almost 43 times higher than that of pristine Zn_(0.5)Cd_(0.5)S and considerably higher than that of the Pt/Zn_(0.5)Cd_(0.5)S photocatalyst.The high photoactivity of the 2D/0D Ni(OH)_(2)/Zn_(0.5)Cd_(0.5)S heterojunction can be ascribed to its unique and robust structure,wherein the ultrathin Ni(OH)_(2)nanosheets not only provide an excellent platform for the incorporation of Zn_(0.5)Cd_(0.5)S nanoparticles but also serve as an effective cocatalyst to promote photoinduced electron transfer and offer more active sites for photocatalytic H_(2) generation.This work paves the way toward the development of versatile,low‐cost,and highly efficient 2D/0D heterojunction photocatalysts for solar energy conversion.

Removal of Anionic Metal Ions from Wastewater by Hydroxide-type Adsorbents

Generally speaking,anionic metal concentrations in wastewater from industries and mineral processing plants are well above the allowed limits for effluent set by the Ministry of Environment of Japan. Nowadays,the removal of anionic ions has been considered difficult and development of new process is desperately needed. In this paper,we report the development of three hydroxide-type adsorbents,illustrating their adsorption efficiency in removing As,Se,Mo and Sb ions from aqueous solutions. The main finding of this work was that the adsorption behavior was influenced very much by both the pH and the adsorbent concentration. Nevertheless,the newly developed hydroxide-type adsorbents were very effective in reducing the concentration of those anionic ions.

Solvent extraction of scandium from leaching solution of red mud roasted with ammonium sulfate using D2EHPA/TBP

Red mud is an important secondary resource for scandium production.The red mud leaching solution containing scandium in this study was derived from environmentally friendly ammonium sulfate roasting and water leaching process.A synergistic extraction with a mixture of di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate acid(D2EHPA)and tributyl phosphate(TBP)for recovery of scandium from red mud leaching solution is proposed.The effects of D2EHPA concentration,H_(2)SO_(4)concentration,rare earth elements,dosage of TBP,phase ratio(A/O),contact time and H_(2)O_(2)concentration on scandium extraction were investigated.The results show that more than 99%scandium is extracted under the optimal conditions while Fe,Al,Ti,Ca and rare earth elements(Ce,Y,La,Nd,Er,etc.)are hardly extracted.The stripping efficiency of Sc reaches above 92.37%under the optimal stripping conditions of 5 mol/L NaOH with an A/O of 1 at 90℃for 30 min.The proposed technology could provide an effective method for extraction of scandium from red mud leaching solution.

High energy storage density in NaNbO_(3) antiferroelectrics with double hysteresis loop

Antiferroelectrics(AFEs)possess great potential for high performance dielectric capacitors,due to their distinct double hysteresis loop with high maximum polarization and low remnant polarization.However,the well-known NaNbO_(3) lead-free antiferroelectric(AFE)ceramic usually exhibits square-like P–E loop related to the irreversible AFE P phase to ferroelectric(FE)Q phase transition,yielding low recoverable energy storage density(Wrec).Herein,significantly improved Wrec up to 3.3 J/cm^(3) with good energy storage efficiency(η)of 42.4% was achieved in Na_(0.7)Ag_(0.3)Nb_(0.7)Ta_(0.3)O_(3)(30Agsingle bond30Ta)ceramic with well-defined double P–E loop,by tailoring the A-site electronegativity with Ag+and B-site polarizability with Ta^(5+).The Transmission Electron Microscope,Piezoresponse Force Microscope and in-situ Raman spectra results verified a good reversibility between AFE P phase and high-field-induced FE Q phase.The improved stability of AFE P phase,being responsible for the double P–E loop and improved Wrec,was attributed to the decreased octahedral tilting angles and cation displacements.This mechanism was revealed by synchrotron X-ray diffraction and Scanning Transmission Electron microscope.This work provides a good paradigm for achieving double P–E loop and high energy storage density in NaNbO_(3)-based ceramics.

Bi_(2)O_(3)/g-C_(3)N_(4)hollow core–shell Z-scheme heterojunction for photocatalytic uranium extraction

Photocatalytic uranium extraction from radioactive nuclear wastewater and seawater is critical for promoting the sustainable advancement of nuclear industry,but the complexity of real-world environments,particularly the occurrence of anoxic and oxygen-enriched states,presents significant challenges to effective uranium extraction.Here,a layered hollow core–shell structure of Bi_(2)O_(3)/g-C_(3)N_(4)Z-scheme heterojunction photocatalyst has been designed and successfully applied for photocatalytic uranium extraction in both aerobic and oxygen-free conditions,and the extraction efficiency of uranium can reach 98.4%and 99.0%,respectively.Moreover,the photocatalyst still has ultra-high extraction efficiency under the influence of pH,inorganic ions,and other factors.The exceptional capability for uranium extraction is on the one hand due to the distinctive hollow core–shell architecture,which furnishes an abundant quantity of active sites.On the other hand,benefiting from the suitable band gap structure brought by the construction of Z-scheme heterojunction,Bi_(2)O_(3)/g-C_(3)N_(4)exhibits current densities(1.00μA/cm^(2))that are 5.26 and 3.85 times greater than Bi_(2)O_(3)and g-C_(3)N_(4),respectively,and the directional migration mode of Z-scheme carriers significantly prolongs the lifetime of photogenerated charges(1.53 ns),which separately surpass the pure samples by factors of 5.10 and 3.19.Furthermore,the reaction mechanism and reaction process of photocatalytic uranium extraction are investigated in the presence and absence of oxygen,respectively.

Doping strategy on improving the overall cathodic performance of double perovskite LnBaCo_(2)O_(5+σ)(Ln=Pr,Gd)as potential SOFC cathode materials

A series of single-phase double perovskite Pr1-xGdxBaCo_(2)-yFeyO_(5+σ)(x=0,0.5 and 1,0≤y≤1)materials were engineered through A/B site co-doping strategy to improve the mechanical,electrical and electrochemical properties as potential cathode materials for the application of intermediate solid oxide fuel cells(IT-SOFCs).The corresponding thermochemical stability,thermal expansion behavior,electrical conductivity and cathodic polarization resistance of the materials were systematically investigated.It was found that the A-site dual lanthanide doped Pr_(0.5)Gd_(0.5)BaCo_(2)O_(5+σ)(PGBCO)exhibits improved electrical conductivity,reduced thermal expansion,and comparatively low electrochemical polarization resistance versus single lanthanide double perovskite,PrBaCo_(2)O_(5+σ)(PBCO)and GdBaCo_(2)O_(5+σ)(GBCO)materials.Further investigation on the effect of B-site Fe-doping on Pr_(0.5)Gd_(0.5)BaCo_(2)-yFeyO_(5)+σ(PGBCF-y,0≤y≤1)reveals that all the PGBCF-y compositions exhibit excellent chemical stability with Gd-doped ceria(GDC)at operating temperatures not higher than 1100℃.Besides,doping of Fe in B-site can effectively reduce the thermal expansion coefficients(TECs)of the Pr_(0.5)Gd_(0.5)BaCo_(2)O_(5)+σceramics at 30e1000℃.And the electrochemical impedance spectra(EIS)results show that the PGBCF-y|GDC|PGBCF-y symmetric cells have acceptable low area specific polarization resistances.Further examination of the cathodic polarization and characteristic capacitance from the AC impedance spectra by employing the relaxation time distribution(DRT)method demonstrated that charge transfer is the dominating subprocess for the oxygen transport through the materials.

矿区复垦土壤重金属含量分布与光谱特征研究——以徐州市柳新矿区为例

以徐州柳新矿区复垦土壤为研究对象,采用传统采样检测方法分析了Cd,Cu,Pb,Zn,Cr等重金属元素在土壤中的含量,借助ISI921VF系列野外地物光谱辐射计和IR981短波红外地物光谱仪野外测量样点土壤的光谱,提取其光谱特征,并对光谱特征参数与土壤中重金属含量进行相关性分析,建立了利用土壤光谱反射率估算土壤重金属含量的预测模型.结果表明:通过分析土壤反射光谱特征能间接反映土壤重金属含量.从而实现土壤重金属含量的间接测定,为土壤重金属污染的调查与监测提供一种简单、快速的测定方法.

铝热还原工艺条件对Al-Ti-Ce中间合金物相结构和合金元素浓度的影响

在Na_(3)AlF_(6)-NaCl-KCl氟氯混合电解质体系中,通过铝热还原法以TiO_(2)和CeO_(2)为Ti源和Ce源,制备Al-Ti-Ce中间合金。研究反应时间、反应温度、电解质构成(Na_(3)AlF_(6)含量)、K_(2)TiF_(6)添加量4种工艺条件对Al-Ti-Ce中间合金物相结构和合金元素浓度的影响。结果表明,在所有实验工艺参数范围内,制备的Al-Ti-Ce中间合金均由α-Al、Al_(3)Ti和Ti_(2)Al_(20)Ce三相构成。制备的最佳单因素工艺参数为:反应时间90 min,反应温度850℃,Na_(3)AlF_(6)质量分数40%、K_(2)TiF_(6)添加量20mol%。热力学分析结果从理论上进一步证明了在实验条件下几种主要化学反应的可行性。

Two-step accelerated mineral carbonation and decomposition analysis for the reduction of CO_2 emission in the eco-industrial parks

Carbon dioxide（CO2） emissions are a leading contributor to the negative effects of global warming. Globally, research has focused on effective means of reducing and mitigating CO2 emissions. In this study, we examined the efficacy of eco-industrial parks（EIPs） and accelerated mineral carbonation techniques in reducing CO2 emissions in South Korea.First, we used Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index（LMDI） analysis to determine the trends in carbon production and mitigation at the existing EIPs. We found that, although CO2 was generated as byproducts and wastes of production at these EIPs, improved energy intensity effects occurred at all EIPs, and we strongly believe that EIPs are a strong alternative to traditional industrial complexes for reducing net carbon emissions. We also examined the optimal conditions for using accelerated mineral carbonation to dispose of hazardous fly ash produced through the incineration of municipal solid wastes at these EIPs. We determined that this technique most efficiently sequestered CO2 when micro-bubbling, low flow rate inlet gas, and ammonia additives were employed.