Delayed diagnosis of imperforate hymen with huge hematocolpometra:A case report

BACKGROUND Imperforate hymen is a rare obstructive anomaly of the female reproductive tract.It is associated with complications,such as cyclical abdominal pain,urinary retention,and pelvic mass.CASE SUMMARY A 13-year-old girl presented several times to the emergency room with lower abdominal pain for a year.She received conservative treatment,such as pain control,at each visit.She visited our gynecological clinic for worsening pain,and a 14-cm hematocolpos was found on ultrasonography.She was finally diagnosed with an imperforate hymen with hematocolpometra.Hymenectomy was performed,which resulted in event-free regular cyclical menstruation.CONCLUSION Imperforate hymen should be considered in a premenarcheal adolescent girl with periodic abdominal pain.

Two distinct subpopulations of marginal zone B cells exhibit differential antibody-producing capacities and radioresistance

Marginal zone(MZ)B cells,which are splenic innate-like B cells that rapidly secrete antibodies(Abs)against blood-borne pathogens,are composed of heterogeneous subpopulations.Here,we showed that MZ B cells can be divided into two distinct subpopulations according to their CD80 expression levels.CD80^(high)MZ B cells exhibited greater Ab-producing,proliferative,and IL-10-secreting capacities than did CD80^(low)MZ B cells.Notably,CD80^(high)MZ B cells survived 2-Gy whole-body irradiation,whereas CD80^(low)MZ B cells were depleted by irradiation and then repleted with one month after irradiation.Depletion of CD80^(low)MZ B cells led to accelerated development of type II collagen(CII)-induced arthritis upon immunization with bovine CII.CD80^(high)MZ B cells exhibited higher expression of genes involved in proliferation,plasma cell differentiation,and the antioxidant response.CD80^(high)MZ B cells expressed more autoreactive B cell receptors(BCRs)that recognized double-stranded DNA or CII,expressed more immunoglobulin heavy chain sequences with shorter complementarity-determining region 3 sequences,and included more clonotypes with no N-nucleotides or with B-1a BCR sequences than CD80^(low)MZ B cells.Adoptive transfer experiments showed that CD21^(+)CD23^(+)transitional 2 MZ precursors preferentially generated CD80^(low)MZ B cells and that a proportion of CD80^(low)MZ B cells were converted into CD80^(high)MZ B cells;in contrast,CD80^(high)MZ B cells stably remained CD80^(high)MZ B cells.In summary,MZ B cells can be divided into two subpopulations according to their CD80 expression levels,Ab-producing capacity,radioresistance,and autoreactivity,and these findings may suggest a hierarchical composition of MZ B cells with differential stability and BCR specificity.

ROS-induced metabolic reprogramming to one-carbon metabolism and S-adenosylmethionine-mediated epigenetic modification in IL-10-producing B cells for the resolution of pneumonia

B cells have an essential immunoregulatory function,which is mediated by the secretion of IL-10 and TGFβand interaction with activated CD4^(+)T cells.This antibody-independent function of B cells contributes to ameliorating autoimmune diseases or infection-induced tissue damage.In this Cellular and Molecular Immunology issue,Fu et al.demonstrated that regulatory B(Breg)cells play a critical role in resolving Pseudomonas aeruginosa-induced pneumonia[1].

Memory-centric neuromorphic computing for unstructured data processing

The unstructured data such as visual information,natural language,and human behaviors opens up a wide array of opportunities in the field of artificial intelligence(Al).The memory-centric neuromorphic computing(MNC)has been proposed for the efficient processing of unstructured data,bypassing the von Neumann bottleneck of current computing architecture.The development of MNC would provide massively parallel processing of unstructured data,realizing the cognitive Al in edge and wearable systems.In this review,recent advances in memory-centric neuromorphic devices are discussed in terms of emerging nonvolatile memories,volatile switches,synaptic plasticity,neuronal models,and memristive neural network.

Homeostasis and regulation of autoreactive B cells

In contrast to the previous belief that autoreactive B cells are eliminated from the normal repertoire of B cells,many autoreactive B cells actually escape clonal deletion and develop into mature B cells.These autoreactive B cells in healthy individuals perform some beneficial functions in the host and are homeostatically regulated by regulatory T and B cells or other mechanisms to prevent autoimmune diseases.Autoreactive B-1 cells constitutively produce polyreactive natural antibodies for tissue homeostasis.Recently,autoreactive follicular B cells were reported to participate actively in the germinal center reaction.Furthermore,the selection and usefulness of autoreactive marginal zone(MZ)B cells found in autoimmune diseases are not well understood,although the repertoire of MZ B-cell receptors(BCRs)is presumed to be biased to detect bacterial antigens.In this review,we discuss the autoreactive B-cell populations among all three major B-cell subsets and their regulation in immune responses and diseases.

Ssu72 is a T-cell receptor-responsive modifier that is indispensable for regulatory T cells

The homeostatic balance between effector T cells and regulatory T cells(Tregs)is crucial for adaptive immunity;however,epigenetic programs that inhibit phosphorylation to regulate Treg development,peripheral expression,and suppressive activity are elusive.Here,we found that the Ssu72 phosphatase is activated by various T-cell receptor signaling pathways,including the T-cell receptor and IL-2R pathways,and localizes at the cell membrane.Deletion of Ssu72 in T cells disrupts CD4+T-cell differentiation into Tregs in the periphery via the production of high levels of the effector cytokines IL-2 and IFNγ,which induce CD4+T-cell activation and differentiation into effector cell lineages.We also found a close correlation between downregulation of Ssu72 and severe defects in mucosal tolerance in patients.Interestingly,Ssu72 forms a complex with PLCγ1,which is an essential effector molecule for T-cell receptor signaling as well as Treg development and function.Ssu72 deficiency impairs PLCγ1 downstream signaling and results in failure of Foxp3 induction.Thus,our studies show that the Ssu72-mediated cytokine response coordinates the differentiation and function of Treg cells in the periphery.