In the realm of modern cryptography and anti-counterfeiting,innovative approaches are crucial to encode sensitive information securely.Tailored responsive structural colors have garnered significant interest due to th...In the realm of modern cryptography and anti-counterfeiting,innovative approaches are crucial to encode sensitive information securely.Tailored responsive structural colors have garnered significant interest due to their feature-rich spectra and high sensitivity to external stimuli.However,high costs and complex processing involved in integrating the various delicate microstructures have impeded their widespread development.In this study,we present a straightforward multilevel chromatic encryption scheme utilizing direct-writing gradient-crosslinked microdomes.The solvent-responsive structural color of each microdome,arising from the synergistic effect of total internal reflections and interference,is adjusted independently across the entire visible region.Each microdome functions as a signal recording unit,enabling multilevel color variations through a solventdependent development step.This approach facilitates the encoding of enhanced information into a single pixel.To demonstrate the efficacy of our method for advanced applications,we have prepared a collection of solvent-dependent multilevel codes for algorithm cryptography,showcasing its potential for high-level anti-counterfeiting and high-density optical data storage.展开更多
Research on the influence of thermal radiation of tree canopies to adjacent exterior walls has relevance to the selection of tree species and the spatial arrangement of trees for urban planning.In the last decade,ther...Research on the influence of thermal radiation of tree canopies to adjacent exterior walls has relevance to the selection of tree species and the spatial arrangement of trees for urban planning.In the last decade,there have been many studies on the influence of tree shadows on the thermal environment and energy consumption of buildings.However,there is a lack of research on how trees affect the thermal radiation of adjacent buildings,when they do not cast direct shadows on the walls.In view of this,a combination of experiment and simulation was used to explore the influence of spherical canopy on the intensity changes of net long-wave thermal radiation(T_(RDL))and net short-wave thermal radiation(T_(RDS))absorbed by the adjacent wall.Both measured and simulated results show that the tree canopy has a T_(RD)(the sum of T_(RDL) and T_(RDS))effect on the south wall of adjacent buildings in summer.The peak of T_(RD) from the tree to the adjacent wall was obtained by ENVI-met under 27 scenarios.A functional relationship was further given between the peak T_(RD) and the canopy diameter(D_(C)),the minimum distance between wall and tree canopy(D_(W-T)).Moreover,the influence of D_(C),D_(W-T) and leaf area density(LAD)on T_(RD) was discussed by simulation.Additionally,the Trd of canopy decays exponentially in the horizontal direction and linearly in the vertical direction of the wall.The above methods and results can guide the selection of tree species,green space design around buildings and the evaluation of the influence of trees on indoor cooling energy consumption in summer.展开更多
Trichoderma harzianum is a plant-beneficial fungus that secretes small cysteine-rich proteins that induce plant defense responses;however, the molecular mechanism involved in this induction is largely unknown.Here, we...Trichoderma harzianum is a plant-beneficial fungus that secretes small cysteine-rich proteins that induce plant defense responses;however, the molecular mechanism involved in this induction is largely unknown.Here, we report that the class Ⅱ hydrophobin Th Hyd1 acts as an elicitor of induced systemic resistance(ISR) in plants. Immunogold labeling and immunofluorescence revealed Th Hyd1 localized on maize(Zea mays) root cell plasma membranes. To identify host plant protein interactors of Hyd1, we screened a maize B73 root c DNA library. Th Hyd1 interacted directly with ubiquilin1-like(UBL). Furthermore, the N-terminal fragment of UBL was primarily responsible for binding with Hyd1 and the eight-cysteine amino acid of Hyd1 participated in the protein-protein interactions. Hyd1 from T. harzianum(Thhyd1) and ubl from maize were co-expressed in Arabidopsis thaliana, they synergistically promoted plant resistance against Botrytis cinerea. RNA-sequencing analysis of global gene expression in maize leaves 24 h after spraying with Curvularia lunata spore suspension showed that Thhyd1-induced systemic resistance was primarily associated with brassinosteroid signaling, likely mediated through BAK1. Jasmonate/ethylene(JA/ET)signaling was also involved to some extent in this response. Our results suggest that the Hyd1-UBL axis might play a key role in inducing systemic resistance as a result of Trichoderma-plant interactions.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2022YFE0202000,2018YFA0208500)the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars (22225502)+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (22073107,51573192)NSFC Research Fund for International Young Scientists (22150410331)the External Co-operation Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (027GJHZ2022044MI)。
文摘In the realm of modern cryptography and anti-counterfeiting,innovative approaches are crucial to encode sensitive information securely.Tailored responsive structural colors have garnered significant interest due to their feature-rich spectra and high sensitivity to external stimuli.However,high costs and complex processing involved in integrating the various delicate microstructures have impeded their widespread development.In this study,we present a straightforward multilevel chromatic encryption scheme utilizing direct-writing gradient-crosslinked microdomes.The solvent-responsive structural color of each microdome,arising from the synergistic effect of total internal reflections and interference,is adjusted independently across the entire visible region.Each microdome functions as a signal recording unit,enabling multilevel color variations through a solventdependent development step.This approach facilitates the encoding of enhanced information into a single pixel.To demonstrate the efficacy of our method for advanced applications,we have prepared a collection of solvent-dependent multilevel codes for algorithm cryptography,showcasing its potential for high-level anti-counterfeiting and high-density optical data storage.
基金The work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51978627)the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(No.Y19E080024).
文摘Research on the influence of thermal radiation of tree canopies to adjacent exterior walls has relevance to the selection of tree species and the spatial arrangement of trees for urban planning.In the last decade,there have been many studies on the influence of tree shadows on the thermal environment and energy consumption of buildings.However,there is a lack of research on how trees affect the thermal radiation of adjacent buildings,when they do not cast direct shadows on the walls.In view of this,a combination of experiment and simulation was used to explore the influence of spherical canopy on the intensity changes of net long-wave thermal radiation(T_(RDL))and net short-wave thermal radiation(T_(RDS))absorbed by the adjacent wall.Both measured and simulated results show that the tree canopy has a T_(RD)(the sum of T_(RDL) and T_(RDS))effect on the south wall of adjacent buildings in summer.The peak of T_(RD) from the tree to the adjacent wall was obtained by ENVI-met under 27 scenarios.A functional relationship was further given between the peak T_(RD) and the canopy diameter(D_(C)),the minimum distance between wall and tree canopy(D_(W-T)).Moreover,the influence of D_(C),D_(W-T) and leaf area density(LAD)on T_(RD) was discussed by simulation.Additionally,the Trd of canopy decays exponentially in the horizontal direction and linearly in the vertical direction of the wall.The above methods and results can guide the selection of tree species,green space design around buildings and the evaluation of the influence of trees on indoor cooling energy consumption in summer.
基金supported by the grant from National Key Projects of I Intergovernmental Cooperation in Scientific and Technological Innovation(2017YFE 0104900)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31872015,31672072)+2 种基金National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFD0200901)Agriculture Research System of Shanghai(Grant No.201710)China Agriculture Research System Project(CARS-02)。
文摘Trichoderma harzianum is a plant-beneficial fungus that secretes small cysteine-rich proteins that induce plant defense responses;however, the molecular mechanism involved in this induction is largely unknown.Here, we report that the class Ⅱ hydrophobin Th Hyd1 acts as an elicitor of induced systemic resistance(ISR) in plants. Immunogold labeling and immunofluorescence revealed Th Hyd1 localized on maize(Zea mays) root cell plasma membranes. To identify host plant protein interactors of Hyd1, we screened a maize B73 root c DNA library. Th Hyd1 interacted directly with ubiquilin1-like(UBL). Furthermore, the N-terminal fragment of UBL was primarily responsible for binding with Hyd1 and the eight-cysteine amino acid of Hyd1 participated in the protein-protein interactions. Hyd1 from T. harzianum(Thhyd1) and ubl from maize were co-expressed in Arabidopsis thaliana, they synergistically promoted plant resistance against Botrytis cinerea. RNA-sequencing analysis of global gene expression in maize leaves 24 h after spraying with Curvularia lunata spore suspension showed that Thhyd1-induced systemic resistance was primarily associated with brassinosteroid signaling, likely mediated through BAK1. Jasmonate/ethylene(JA/ET)signaling was also involved to some extent in this response. Our results suggest that the Hyd1-UBL axis might play a key role in inducing systemic resistance as a result of Trichoderma-plant interactions.