Interaction of major facilitator superfamily domain containing 2A with the blood-brain barrier

The functional and structural integrity of the blood-brain barrier is crucial in maintaining homeostasis in the brain microenvironment;however,the molecular mechanisms underlying the formation and function of the blood-brain barrier remain poorly understood.The major facilitator superfamily domain containing 2A has been identified as a key regulator of blood-brain barrier function.It plays a critical role in promoting and maintaining the formation and functional stability of the blood-brain barrier,in addition to the transport of lipids,such as docosahexaenoic acid,across the blood-brain barrier.Furthermore,an increasing number of studies have suggested that major facilitator superfamily domain containing 2A is involved in the molecular mechanisms of blood-brain barrier dysfunction in a variety of neurological diseases;however,little is known regarding the mechanisms by which major facilitator superfamily domain containing 2A affects the blood-brain barrier.This paper provides a comprehensive and systematic review of the close relationship between major facilitator superfamily domain containing 2A proteins and the blood-brain barrier,including their basic structures and functions,cross-linking between major facilitator superfamily domain containing 2A and the blood-brain barrier,and the in-depth studies on lipid transport and the regulation of blood-brain barrier permeability.This comprehensive systematic review contributes to an in-depth understanding of the important role of major facilitator superfamily domain containing 2A proteins in maintaining the structure and function of the blood-brain barrier and the research progress to date.This will not only help to elucidate the pathogenesis of neurological diseases,improve the accuracy of laboratory diagnosis,and optimize clinical treatment strategies,but it may also play an important role in prognostic monitoring.In addition,the effects of major facilitator superfamily domain containing 2A on blood-brain barrier leakage in various diseases and the research progress on cross-blood-brain barrier drug delivery are summarized.This review may contribute to the development of new approaches for the treatment of neurological diseases.

Construction and imaging of a neurovascular unit model

In 2001,the concept of the neurovascular unit was introduced at the Stroke Progress Review Group meeting.The neurovascular unit is an important element of the health and disease status of blood vessels and nerves in the central nervous system.Since then,the neurovascular unit has attracted increasing interest from research teams,who have contributed greatly to the prevention,treatment,and prognosis of stroke and neurodegenerative diseases.However,additional research is needed to establish an efficient,low-cost,and low-energy in vitro model of the neurovascular unit,as well as enable noninvasive observation of neurovascular units in vivo and in vitro.In this review,we first summarize the composition of neurovascular units,then investigate the efficacy of different types of stem cells and cell culture methods in the construction of neurovascular unit models,and finally assess the progress of imaging methods used to observe neurovascular units in recent years and their positive role in the monitoring and investigation of the mechanisms of a variety of central nervous system diseases.

Characterization and comparison of two C-type lectins with novel key motifs from mud crab Scylla paramamosain

As an important pattern recognition receptor(PRR)in the innate immune system,C-type lectin plays an important role in the innate immune process of invertebrates.Two C-type lectins Sp CTL-C and Sp CTL-D were characterized from mud crab(Scylla paramamosain).The predicted Sp CTL-C and Sp CTL-D proteins both contain a single carbohydrate-recognition domain(CRD)with key motif Gln-Pro-Ala(QPA)and Met-Pro-Ala(MPA),respectively.Sp CTL-C and Sp CTL-D transcripts distributed in all examined tissues,and the expression level was the highest in hepatopancreas.As PRR,the purifi ed recombinant proteins r Sp CTL-C and r Sp CTL-D have high affi nity for three kinds of pathogen-associated molecular patterns(PAMPs):β-glucan,lipopolysaccharide,and peptidoglycan.Besides,r Sp CTL-D can bind to all nine microorganisms tested,while r Sp CTL-C can bind to seven microorganisms except for Staphylococcus aureus and Micrococcus luteus.Both r Sp CTL-C and r Sp CTL-D showed agglutination activity towards fungi Pichia pastoris and Saccharomyces cerevisiae.However,r Sp CTL-C and r Sp CTL-D exhibited diff erent antimicrobial activities:r Sp CTL-D has a certain inhibitory eff ect on the growth of Vibrio fl uvialis and M.luteus,while r Sp CTL-C has no obvious inhibitory activity.The results show that r Sp CTL-C and r Sp CTL-D had better phagocytosis-promoting eff ect on M.luteus than the negative control.Meanwhile,both r Sp CTL-C and r Sp CTL-D had certain encapsulation-promoting activity.Collectively,two C-type lectins with novel key motifs make an important impact as PRR in immune response towards pathogens.At the same time,they play diff erent functions in the innate immunity of mud crab S.paramamosain.