Echinococcoses are parasitic diseases of major public health importance globally.Human infection results in chronic disease with poor prognosis and serious medical,social and economic consequences for vulnerable popul...Echinococcoses are parasitic diseases of major public health importance globally.Human infection results in chronic disease with poor prognosis and serious medical,social and economic consequences for vulnerable populations.According to recent estimates,the geographical distribution of Echinococcus spp.infections is expanding and becoming an emerging and re-emerging problem in several regions of the world.Echinococcosis endemicity is geographically heterogeneous and over time it may be affected by global environmental change.Therefore,landscape epidemiology offers a unique opportunity to quantify and predict the ecological risk of infection at multiple spatial and temporal scales.Here,we review the most relevant environmental sources of spatial variation in human echinococcosis risk,and describe the potential applications of landscape epidemiological studies to characterise the current patterns of parasite transmission across natural and human-altered landscapes.We advocate future work promoting the use of this approach as a support tool for decision-making that facilitates the design,implementation and monitoring of spatially targeted interventions to reduce the burden of human echinococcoses in disease-endemic areas.展开更多
Background:Cystic echinococcosis(CE)and alveolar echinococcosis(AE)are highly endemic in Xiji County of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region(NHAR)in China where the control campaign based on dog de-worming with praziquantel ...Background:Cystic echinococcosis(CE)and alveolar echinococcosis(AE)are highly endemic in Xiji County of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region(NHAR)in China where the control campaign based on dog de-worming with praziquantel has been undertaken over preceding decades.This study is to determine the current prevalence of Echinococcus granulosus and E.multilocularis in domestic dogs and monitor the echinococcosis transmission dynamics.Methods:Study villages were selected using landscape patterns(Geographic Information System,GIS)for Echinococcus transmission“hot spots”,combined with hospital records identifying risk areas for AE and CE.A survey of 750 domestic dogs,including copro-sampling and owner questionnaires,from 25 selected villages,was undertaken in 2012.A copro-multiplex PCR assay was used for the specific diagnosis of E.granulosus and E.multilocularis in the dogs.Data analysis,using IBM SPSS Statistics,was undertaken,to compare the prevalence of the two Echinococcus spp.in dogs between four geographical areas of Xiji by theχ^(2)test.Univariate analysis of the combinations of outcomes from the questionnaire and copro-PCR assay data was carried out to determine the significant risk factors for dog infection.Results:The highest de-worming rate of 84.0%was found in the northwest area of Xiji County,and significant differences(P<0.05)in the de-worming rates among dogs from the four geographical areas of Xiji were detected.The highest prevalence(19.7%,59/300)of E.multilocularis occurred in northwest Xiji,though the highest prevalence(18.1%,38/210)of E.granulosus occurred in southwest Xiji.There was no significant difference(P>0.05)in the prevalence of E.granulosus in dogs from the northwest,southwest,northeast,and southeast of Xiji,but there were significant differences(P<0.05)between dogs infected with E.multilocularis from the four areas.None of the other independent variables was statistically significant.Conclusions:The results from this study indicate a high prevalence of both E.granulosus and E.muiltilocularis in dogs in Xiji County,NHAR.Transmission of E.multilocularis was more impacted by geographical risk-factors in Xiji County than that of E.granulosus.Dogs have the potential to maintain the transmission of both species of Echinococcus within local Xiji communities,and the current praziquantel dosing of dogs appears to be ineffective or poorly implemented in this area.展开更多
基金support by the National Health and Medical Research Council(NHMRC)of Australia(APP1009539).AMCR is a PhD Candidate supported by a Postgraduate Award from The Australian National UniversityACAC is a NHMRC Career Development Fellow+3 种基金DPM is a NHMRC Senior Principal Research FellowDJG is an Australian Research Council Fellow(DECRA)TSB is a Senior Research FellowRJSM is funded by a Postdoctoral Research Fellowship from the University of Queensland(41795457).
文摘Echinococcoses are parasitic diseases of major public health importance globally.Human infection results in chronic disease with poor prognosis and serious medical,social and economic consequences for vulnerable populations.According to recent estimates,the geographical distribution of Echinococcus spp.infections is expanding and becoming an emerging and re-emerging problem in several regions of the world.Echinococcosis endemicity is geographically heterogeneous and over time it may be affected by global environmental change.Therefore,landscape epidemiology offers a unique opportunity to quantify and predict the ecological risk of infection at multiple spatial and temporal scales.Here,we review the most relevant environmental sources of spatial variation in human echinococcosis risk,and describe the potential applications of landscape epidemiological studies to characterise the current patterns of parasite transmission across natural and human-altered landscapes.We advocate future work promoting the use of this approach as a support tool for decision-making that facilitates the design,implementation and monitoring of spatially targeted interventions to reduce the burden of human echinococcoses in disease-endemic areas.
基金This study was funded by the Science Fund for Gansu Provincial Key Science and Technology Projects(No.1203NKDA039)Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest(No.200903036–07,201303037)+3 种基金West China Top Class Discipline Project in Basic Medical Sciences,Ningxia Medical UniversityThe National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.3096033981460311)the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council(NHMRC)(project grant No.APP 1009539).
文摘Background:Cystic echinococcosis(CE)and alveolar echinococcosis(AE)are highly endemic in Xiji County of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region(NHAR)in China where the control campaign based on dog de-worming with praziquantel has been undertaken over preceding decades.This study is to determine the current prevalence of Echinococcus granulosus and E.multilocularis in domestic dogs and monitor the echinococcosis transmission dynamics.Methods:Study villages were selected using landscape patterns(Geographic Information System,GIS)for Echinococcus transmission“hot spots”,combined with hospital records identifying risk areas for AE and CE.A survey of 750 domestic dogs,including copro-sampling and owner questionnaires,from 25 selected villages,was undertaken in 2012.A copro-multiplex PCR assay was used for the specific diagnosis of E.granulosus and E.multilocularis in the dogs.Data analysis,using IBM SPSS Statistics,was undertaken,to compare the prevalence of the two Echinococcus spp.in dogs between four geographical areas of Xiji by theχ^(2)test.Univariate analysis of the combinations of outcomes from the questionnaire and copro-PCR assay data was carried out to determine the significant risk factors for dog infection.Results:The highest de-worming rate of 84.0%was found in the northwest area of Xiji County,and significant differences(P<0.05)in the de-worming rates among dogs from the four geographical areas of Xiji were detected.The highest prevalence(19.7%,59/300)of E.multilocularis occurred in northwest Xiji,though the highest prevalence(18.1%,38/210)of E.granulosus occurred in southwest Xiji.There was no significant difference(P>0.05)in the prevalence of E.granulosus in dogs from the northwest,southwest,northeast,and southeast of Xiji,but there were significant differences(P<0.05)between dogs infected with E.multilocularis from the four areas.None of the other independent variables was statistically significant.Conclusions:The results from this study indicate a high prevalence of both E.granulosus and E.muiltilocularis in dogs in Xiji County,NHAR.Transmission of E.multilocularis was more impacted by geographical risk-factors in Xiji County than that of E.granulosus.Dogs have the potential to maintain the transmission of both species of Echinococcus within local Xiji communities,and the current praziquantel dosing of dogs appears to be ineffective or poorly implemented in this area.