贵州苗族传统服饰研究

苗族服饰材料考究,工艺复杂,风格多样,形成了独特的服饰文化。从材料、色彩、装饰、款式四个方面分析贵州苗族服饰的美学风格、苗族服饰传达的文化内涵与苗族人民的精神寄托,有助于人们更加了解它。

Deep learning-based LPI radar signals analysis and identification using a Nyquist Folding Receiver architecture

Nyquist Folding Receiver(NYFR)is a perceptron structure that realizes a low probability of intercept(LPI)signal analog to information.Aiming at the problem of LPI radar signal receiving,the time domain,frequency domain,and time-frequency domain problems of signals intercepted by NYFR structure are studied.Combined with the time-frequency analysis(TFA)method,a radar recognition scheme based on deep learning(DL)is introduced,which can reliably classify common LPI radar signals.First,the structure of NYFR and its characteristics in the time domain,frequency domain,and time and frequency domain are analyzed.Then,the received signal is then converted into a time-frequency image(TFI).Finally,four kinds of DL algorithms are used to classify LPI radar signals.Simulation results demonstrate the correctness of the NYFR structure,and the effectiveness of the proposed recognition method is verified by comparison experiments.

少样本关系抽取研究综述

关系抽取是信息抽取的一项重要子任务,也是构建知识图谱的重要环节,其目标是从自然语言文本中抽取出实体之间的语义关系,从而更好地挖掘数据之间的联系。关系抽取的过程需要依赖大量标注的训练样本,而实际应用中却经常存在冷启动问题,如何通过少量样本进行关系抽取已成为该领域关注的热点之一。在调研大量文献的基础上对少样本关系抽取的近期研究现状进行总结,先从少样本关系抽取任务的定义出发,介绍了少样本关系抽取任务的训练机制与分类情况;从度量学习和参数优化学习两个角度分别介绍了基于孪生网络、图神经网络和原型网络,以及基于初始化网络参数和预训练网络参数在少样本关系抽取问题上的研究成果;介绍了少样本关系抽取的常用数据集、评价指标及代表性方法的实验结果;总结了现有研究存在的问题,并展望了少样本关系抽取未来可能的发展趋势。

Recent advances in flexible alkaline zinc-based batteries:Materials,structures,and perspectives

The development of wearable electronic systems has generated increasing demand for flexible power sources.Alkaline zinc(Zn)-based batteries,as one of the most mature energy storage technologies,have been considered as a promising power source owing to their exceptional safety,low costs,and outstanding electrochemical performance.However,the conventional alkaline Zn-based battery systems face many challenges associated with electrodes and electrolytes,causing low capacity,poor cycle life,and inferior mechanical performance.Recent advances in materials and structure design have enabled the revisitation of the alkaline Zn-based battery technology for applications in flexible electronics.Herein,we summarize the up-to-date works in flexible alkaline Zn-based batteries and analyze the strategies employed to improve battery performance.Firstly,we introduce the three most reported cathode materials(including Ag-based,Ni-based,and Co-based materials)for flexible alkaline Zn-based batteries.Then,challenges and modifications in battery anodes are investigated.Thirdly,the recently advanced gel electrolytes are introduced from their properties,functions as well as advanced fabrications.Finally,recent works and the advantages of sandwich-type,fiber-type and thin film-type flexible batteries are summarized and compared.This review provides insights and guidance for the design of high-performance flexible Zn-based batteries for next-generation electronics.

疫情背景下基于线上教学的数据科学与大数据技术专业课程群建设

线上教学是近年来出现的新教学模式,在高校中并未全面采用,而2020年初的新冠疫情促使其被普遍运用以满足新学期教学的需求。探讨线上教学实施中的问题,变被动应付为主动应用。通过数据科学与大数据专业课程群知识点的组织与建设,结合线上教学更新便利,易于评价的优势,提升课程教学效果,促进新专业高效发展。

快速现场细胞学评价在EBUS-TBNA取样诊断肺癌中的价值

背景与目的在肺及纵隔占位性病变的患者中大部分临床考虑诊断为原发性肺癌,超声支气管镜引导下的经支气管针吸活检术(endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration, EBUS-TBNA)是一种常用的获取病理组织明确诊断的手术。在EBUS-TBNA过程中,快速现场细胞学评价(cytological rapid on-site evaluation,C-ROSE)是一项有用的辅助技术。本研究探讨C-ROSE在EBUS-TBNA取样诊断肺癌中的价值。方法对141例经胸部计算机断层扫描(computed tomography, CT)发现存在纵隔和(或)肺门病灶(包括肿大的淋巴结/肿块)且临床高度疑诊原发性肺癌而行EBUS-TBNA患者进行回顾性分析,其中术中行C-ROSE者81例,未行C-ROSE者60例,分析两组患者的穿刺情况及并发症发生率,同时分析C-ROSE联合EBUS-TBNA取样对肺癌诊断的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值。结果 C-ROSE组与非C-ROSE组穿刺针数及穿刺部位数无统计学差异,穿刺合格率分别为98.77%和90.00%(P<0.05),诊断率分别为88.89%和75.00%(P<0.05),并发症发生率分别为1.23%和11.67%(P<0.05)。C-ROSE联合EBUS-TBNA对肺癌诊断的敏感度为92.21%,特异度为100.00%,阳性预测值为100.00%,阴性预测值为40.00%。结论 C-ROSE在疑诊肺癌行EBUS-TBNA中应用可以提高穿刺成功率及诊断率、减少并发症,值得推广。

文本细粒度情感分析综述

对情感分析的研究进展进行了介绍和总结,从粗粒度情感分析到细粒度情感分析的发展过程,重点阐述了细粒度情感分析的目标、方法、技术等.归纳出了细粒度情感分析任务中的两个核心问题:属性抽取和属性情感分类.属性抽取可分为“属性分类识别”和“属性词抽取”,属性识别的任务是对评论句中属性词进行分类.属性词抽取是对评论句中属性词进行抽取.属性情感分类是对评论句中属性词进行情感极性判断.随后对细粒度情感分析的技术难点进行了阐述,包括评论文本不规范、隐式情感难提取等.最后总结了细粒度情感分析在未来的重点研究方向是跨学科研究.

Risk factors for postoperative pancreatic fistula: Analysis of 539 successive cases of pancreaticoduodenectomy

AIM To analyze the risk factors for pancreatic fistula after pancreaticoduodenectomy.METHODS We conducted a retrospective analysis of 539 successive cases of pancreaticoduodenectomy performed at our hospital from March 2012 to October 2015. Pancreatic fistula was diagnosed in strict accordance with the definition of pancreatic fistula from the International Study Group on Pancreatic Fistula. The risk factors for pancreatic fistula were analyzed by univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis.RESULTS A total of 269(49.9%) cases of pancreatic fistula occurred after pancreaticoduodenectomy,including 71(13.17%) cases of grade A pancreatic fistula,178(33.02%) cases of grade B,and 20(3.71%) cases of grade C. Univariate analysis showed no significant correlation between postoperative pancreatic fistula(POPF) and the following factors: age,hypertension,alcohol consumption,smoking,history of upper abdominal surgery,preoperative jaundice management,preoperative bilirubin,preoperative albumin,pancreatic duct drainage,intraoperative blood loss,operative time,intraoperative blood transfusion,Braun anastomosis,and pancreaticoduodenectomy(with or without pylorus preservation). Conversely,a significant correlation was observed between POPF and the following factors: gender(male vs female: 54.23% vs 42.35%,P = 0.008),diabetes(non-diabetic vs diabetic: 51.61% vs 39.19%,P = 0.047),body mass index(BMI)(≤ 25 vs > 25: 46.94% vs 57.82%,P = 0.024),blood glucose level(≤ 6.0 mmol/L vs > 6.0 mmol/L: 54.75% vs 41.14%,P = 0.002),pancreaticojejunal anastomosis technique(pancreatic duct-jejunum double-layer mucosa-to-mucosa pancreaticojejunal anastomosis vs pancreatic-jejunum single-layer mucosa-tomucosa anastomosis: 57.54% vs 35.46%,P = 0.000),diameter of the pancreatic duct(≤ 3 mm vs > 3 mm: 57.81% vs 38.36%,P = 0.000),and pancreatic texture(soft vs hard: 56.72% vs 29.93%,P = 0.000). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that gender(male),BMI > 25,pancreatic duct-jejunum double-layer mucosa-to-mucosa pancreaticojejunal anastomosis,pancreatic duct diameter ≤ 3 mm,and soft pancreas were risk factors for pancreatic fistula after pancreaticoduodenectomy.CONCLUSION Gender(male),BMI > 25,pancreatic duct-jejunum double-layer mucosa-to-mucosa pancreaticojejunal anastomosis,pancreatic duct diameter ≤ 3 mm,and soft pancreas were risk factors for pancreatic fistula after pancreaticoduodenectomy.

Analysis of risk factors for postoperative pancreatic fistula following pancreaticoduodenectomy

AIM:To explore the morbidity and risk factors of postoperative pancreatic fistula(POPF)following pancreaticoduodenectomy.METHODS:The data from 196 consecutive patients who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy,performed by different surgeons,in the General Hospital of the People’s Liberation Army between January 1st,2013and December 31st,2013 were retrospectively collected for analysis.The diagnoses of POPF and clinically relevant(CR)-POPF following pancreaticoduodenectomy were judged strictly by the International Study Group on Pancreatic Fistula Definition.Univariate analysis was performed to analyze the following factors:patient age,sex,body mass index(BMI),hypertension,diabetes mellitus,serum CA19-9 level,history of jaundice,serum albumin level,blood loss volume,pancreatic duct diameter,pylorus preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy,pancreatic drainage and pancreaticojejunostomy.Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine the main independent risk factors for POPF.RESULTS:POPF occurred in 126(64.3%)of the patients,and the incidence of CR-POPF was 32.7%(64/196).Patient characteristics of age,sex,BMI,hypertension,diabetes mellitus,serum CA19-9 level,history of jaundice,serum albumin level,blood loss volume,pylorus preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy and pancreaticojejunostomy showed no statistical difference related to the morbidity of POPF or CR-POPF.Pancreatic duct diameter was found to be significantly correlated with POPF rates by univariate analysis and multivariate regression analysis,with a pancreatic duct diameter≤3 mm being an independent risk factor for POPF(OR=0.291;P=0.000)and CR-POPF(OR=0.399;P=0.004).The CR-POPF rate was higher in patients without external pancreatic stenting,which was found to be an independent risk factor for CR-POPF(OR=0.394;P=0.012).Among the entire patient series,there were three postoperative deaths,giving a total mortality rate of 1.5%(3/196),and the mortality associated with pancreatic fistula was 2.4%(3/126).CONCLUSION:A pancreatic duct diameter≤3 mm is an independent risk factor for POPF.External stent drainage of pancreatic secretion may reduce CR-POPF mortality and POPF severity.

基于主题词频统计的高校朋辈心理委员制度演化趋势

高校朋辈心理辅导是高校心理健康教育体系的重要构成部分,为了探索高校朋辈心理委员制度演化趋势,选取2008—2011年和2016—2019年两个时间段内以“心理委员”“朋辈心理”为主题的被引量前10的文章,运用TD-IDF法和Jieba分词及Pychart库法进行分析,发现高校大学生心理健康教育网络畅通,宿舍心里信息员的作用日益凸显,学生主观能动性不断提升,朋辈互助增多。要保障高校朋辈心理委员制度的良好运转,须加强朋辈心理辅导队伍的选拔和培训,规范工作,完善制度。

Recent advances on phylogenomics of gymnosperms and a new classification

Living gymnosperms comprise four major groups:cycads,Ginkgo,conifers,and gnetophytes.Relationships among/within these lineages have not been fully resolved.Next generation sequencing has made available a large number of sequences,including both plastomes and single-copy nuclear genes,for reconstruction of solid phylogenetic trees.Recent advances in gymnosperm phylogenomic studies have updated our knowledge of gymnosperm systematics.Here,we review major advances of gymnosperm phylogeny over the past 10 years and propose an updated classification of extant gymnosperms.This new classification includes three classes(Cycadopsida,Ginkgoopsida,and Pinopsida),five subclasses(Cycadidae,Ginkgoidae,Cupressidae,Pinidae,and Gnetidae),eight orders(Cycadales,Ginkgoales,Araucariales,Cupressales,Pinales,Ephedrales,Gnetales,and Welwitschiales),13 families,and 86 genera.We also described six new tribes including Acmopyleae Y.Yang,Austrocedreae Y.Yang,Chamaecyparideae Y.Yang,Microcachrydeae Y.Yang,Papuacedreae Y.Yang,and Prumnopityeae Y.Yang,and made 27 new combinations in the genus Sabina.

A pooled analysis of treatment and prognosis of hepatic angiosarcomain adults

Background： Hepatic angiosarcoma is a rare malignant vascular tumor presenting unique treatment challenges.The aim of the present study was to determine the treatment and prognosis of this entity.Data sources： A systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed, Embase and Chinese BiomedicalLiterature database, to identify articles published from January 1980 to July 2017. Search termswere “hepatic angiosarcoma” and “liver angiosarcoma”. Additional articles were retrieved through manualsearch of bibliographies of the relevant articles. Pooled individual data concerning the prognosis followingvarious therapeutic modalities were analyzed.

新工科背景下信管专业大数据技术与应用方向改造实践

2017年提出的新工科要求工科专业建设围绕工程教育的新理念、学科专业新结构、人才培养新模式、教育教学新质量、分类发展新体系来实施开展。依据新工科背景下技术、经济、管理、社会等领域知识能力并重及应用型和技术技能型人才培养要求,设计结合基础、应用、科学与技术四个方面的信管专业大数据技术与应用方向的人才能力矩阵,提出满足大数据运维、大数据应用和大数据分析等不同需求的宽口径本科课程体系及课程—能力关联矩阵,以及四年连贯的课内课外结合的实践教学方法。

Galactosylated chitosan/5-fluorouracil nanoparticles inhibit mouse hepatic cancer growth and its side effects

AIM:To observe the curative effect of galactosylated chitosan(GC)/5-fluorouracil(5-FU) nanoparticles in liver caner mice and its side effects.METHODS:The GC/5-FU nanoparticle is a nanomaterial made by coupling GC and 5-FU.The release experiment was performed in vitro.The orthotropic liver cancer mouse models were established and divided into control,GC,5-FU and GC/5-FU groups.Mice in the control and GC group received an intravenous injection of 200 L saline and GC,respectively.Mice in the 5-FU and GC/5-FU groups received 200 L(containing 0.371 mg 5-FU) 5-FU and GC/5-FU,respectively.The tumor weight and survival time were observed.The cell cycle and apoptosis in tumor tissues were monitored by flow cytometry.The expression of p53,Bax,Bcl-2,caspase-3 and poly adenosine 50-diphosphate-ribose polymerase 1(PARP-1) was detected by immunohistochemistry,reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot.The serum blood biochemical parameters and cytotoxic activity of natural killer(NK) cell and cytotoxicity T lymphocyte(CTL) were measured.RESULTS:The GC/5-FU nanoparticle is a sustained release system.The drug loading was 6.12% ± 1.36%,the encapsulation efficiency was 81.82% ± 5.32%,and the Zeta potential was 10.34 ± 1.43 mV.The tumor weight in the GC/5-FU group(0.4361 ± 0.1153 g vs 1.5801 ± 0.2821 g,P < 0.001) and the 5-FU(0.7932 ± 0.1283 g vs 1.5801 ± 0.2821 g,P < 0.001) was significantly lower than that in the control group;GC/5FU treatment can significantly lower the tumor weight(0.4361 ± 0.1153 g vs 0.7932 ± 0.1283 g,P < 0.001),and the longest median survival time was seen in the GC/5-FU group,compared with the control(12 d vs 30 d,P < 0.001),GC(13 d vs 30 d,P < 0.001) and 5-FU groups(17 d vs 30 d,P < 0.001).Flow cytometry revealed that compared with the control,GC/5FU caused a higher rate of G0-G1 arrest(52.79% ± 13.42% vs 23.92% ± 9.09%,P = 0.014) and apoptosis(2.55% ± 1.10% vs 11.13% ± 11.73%,P < 0.001) in hepatic cancer cells.Analysis of the apoptosis pathways showed that GC/5-FU upregulated the expression of p53 at both the protein and the mRNA levels,which in turn lowered the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax expression;this led to the release of cytochrome C into the cytosol from the mitochondria and the subsequent activation of caspase-3.Upregulation of caspase-3 expression decreased the PARP-1 at both the mRNA and the protein levels,which contributed to apoptosis.5-FU increased the levels of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase,and decreased the numbers of platelet,white blood cell and lymphocyte and cytotoxic activities of CTL and NK cells,however,there were no such side effects in the GC/5-FU group.CONCLUSION:GC/5-FU nanoparticles can significantly inhibit the growth of liver cancer in mice via the p53 apoptosis pathway,and relieve the side effects and immunosuppression of 5-FU.

Huangshan population of Chinese Zacco platypus （Teleostei, Cyprinidae） harbors diverse matrilines and high genetic diversity

Six main mitochondrial DNA （mtDNA） lineages have been described in minnow （Zacco platypus） samples obtained from northern, western and southern China Perdices et al. （2004） predicted that further sampling of other tributaries might discover more lineages of this species. In this study, we collected 26 Zacco platypus individuals in the Huangshan area of eastern China and determined the cytochrome b （cytb） sequence variations. Combined with reported data in GenBank, we identified ten matrilines （Zacco A-J） in a total of 169 samples, with relatively high molecular divergence found among them. The Huangshan population had the greatest genetic variation among all sampled regions and hosted six of the ten matrilines. Our results highlight the significance of the Huangshan area for the conservation of Zacco platypus.

Exploitation of fractured shale oil resources by cyclic CO_2 injection

With shale oil reservoir pressure depletion and recovery of hydrocarbons from formations, the fracture apertures and conductivity are subject to reduction due to the interaction between stress effects and proppants. Suppose most of the proppants were concentrated in dominant fractures rather than sparsely allocated in the fracture network, the fracture conductivity would be less influenced by the induced stress effect. However, the merit of uniformly distributed proppants in the fracture network is that it increases the contact area for the injection gas with the shale matrix. In this paper, we address the question whether we should exploit or confine the fracture complexity for CO2-EOR in shale oil reservoirs. Two proppant transport scenarios were simulated in this paper： Case 1-the proppant is uniformly distributed in the complex fracture system, propagating a partially propped or un-propped fracture network; Case 2-the proppant primarily settles in simple planar fractures. A series of sensitivity studies of the fracture conductivity were performed to investigate the conductivity requirements in order to more efficiently produce from the shale reservoirs. Our simulation results in this paper show the potential of CO2 huff-n-puff to improve oil recovery in shale oil reservoirs. Simulation results indicate that the ultra-low permeability shales require an interconnected fracture network to maximize shale oil recovery in a reasonable time period. The well productivity of a fracture network with a conductivity of 4 mD ft achieves a better performance than that of planar fractures with an infinite conductivity. However, when the conductivity of fracture networks is inadequate,the planar fracture treatment design maybe a favorable choice. The available literature provides limited information on the relationship between fracture treatment design and the applicability of CO2 huff-n-puff in very low permeability shale formations. Very limited field test or laboratory data are available on the investigation of conductivity requirements for cyclic CO2 injection in shale oil reservoirs. In the context of CO2 huff-n-puff EOR, the effect of fracture complexity on well productivity was examined by simulation approaches.

精准扶贫与心理健康:探索民办高校贫困生心理脱贫新途径

高校精准扶贫是国家精准扶贫战略部署中的重要环节,是扶贫工作在教育领域的集中体现。高校对贫困生心理扶贫的力度远落后于物质扶贫,因自身性质所限,民办高校贫困生存状态堪忧,导致心理问题频发,不利于高校精准扶贫工作的全面发展。本文通过问卷调查,以精准扶贫为视角,全面掌握民办高校贫困生心理健康水平,探索民办高校贫困生心理脱贫的新途径,突破民办高校精准扶贫工作瓶颈。

Effects of postthermal treatment and UV irradiation on the structure of titania-polyacrylate nanocomposites

The effects of postthermal treatment and irradiation time on the structure and thermal stability of TiO2/polyacrylate nanocomposites by a sol-gel process in reverse micelles and subsequent rapid photopolymerization were investigated, and the hybrid films were characterized by thermal gravimetry analysis （TGA）, X-ray photoelectron spectrum （XPS）, and atomic force microscopy （AFM）. XPS data suggested that the prolongation of irradiation time and the postthermal treatment promoted titania formation, with the former affecting more remarkably. TGA data showed that TiO2-hybrid films could upgrade the decomposition onset temperature （Tonset） as well as the temperature at which there is a maximum mass loss rate （Tmax）. AFM data demonstrated that the inorganic titania particles with a mean diameter of 25.26-28.84 nm were homogeneously distributed in the organic matrix.

Application of single-layer mucosa-tomucosa pancreaticojejunal anastomosis in pancreaticoduodenectomy

AIM: To investigate the simplicity, reliability, andsafety of the application of single-layer mucosa-tomucosa pancreaticojejunal anastomosis in pancreaticoduodenectomy. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed on the data of patients who received pancreaticoduodenectomy completed by the same surgical group between January 2011 and April 2014 in the General Hospital of the People's Liberation Army. In total, 51 cases received single-layer mucosa-to-mucosa pancreaticojejunal anastomosis and 51 cases received double-layer pancreaticojejunal anastomosis. The diagnoses of pancreatic fistula and clinically relevant pancreatic fistula after pancreaticoduodenectomy were judged strictly by the International Study Group on pancreatic fistula definition. The preoperative and intraoperative data of these two groups were compared. χ2 test and Fisher's exact test were used to analyze the incidences of pancreatic fistula, peritoneal catheterization, abdominal infection and overall complications between the single-layer anastomosis group and double-layer anastomosis group. Rank sum test were used to analyze the difference in operation time, pancreaticojejunal anastomosis time, postoperative hospitalization time, total hospitalization time and hospitalization expenses between the single-layer anastomosis group and double-layer anastomosis group.RESULTS: Patients with grade A pancreatic fistula accounted for 15.69%(8/51) vs 15.69%(8/51)(P = 1.0000), and patients with grades B and C pancreatic fistula accounted for 9.80%(5/51) vs 52.94%(27/51)(P = 0.0000) in the single-layer and double-layer anastomosis groups. Although there was no significant difference in the percentage of patients with grade A pancreatic fistula, there was a significant difference in the percentage of patients with grades B and C pancreatic fistula between the two groups. Theoperation time(220.059 ± 60.602 min vs 379.412 ± 90.761 min, P = 0.000), pancreaticojejunal anastomosis time(17.922 ± 5.145 min vs 31.333 ± 7.776 min, P = 0.000), postoperative hospitalization time(18.588 ± 5.285 d vs 26.373 ± 15.815 d, P = 0.003), total hospitalization time(25.627 ± 6.551 d vs 33.706 ± 15.899 d, P = 0.002), hospitalization expenses(116787.667 ± 31900.927 yuan vs 162788.608 ± 129732.500 yuan, P = 0.001), as well as the incidences of pancreatic fistula [13/51(25.49%) vs 35/51(68.63%), P = 0.0000], peritoneal catheterization [0/51(0%) vs 6/51(11.76%), P = 0.0354], abdominal infection [1/51(1.96%) vs 11/51(21.57%), P = 0.0021], and overall complications [21/51(41.18%) vs 37/51(72.55%), P = 0.0014] in the single-layer anastomosis group were all lower than those in the double-layer anastomosis group. CONCLUSION: Single-layer mucosa-to-mucosa pancreaticojejunal anastomosis appears to be a simple, reliable, and safe method. Use of this method could reduce the postoperative incidence of complications.

Haplotype-resolved genome of diploid ginger (Zingiber officinale) and its unique gingerol biosynthetic pathway

Ginger(Zingiber officinale),the type species of Zingiberaceae,is one of the most widespread medicinal plants and spices.Here,we report a high-quality,chromosome-scale reference genome of ginger‘Zhugen’,a traditionally cultivated ginger in Southwest China used as a fresh vegetable,assembled from PacBio long reads,Illumina short reads,and high-throughput chromosome conformation capture(Hi-C)reads.The ginger genome was phased into two haplotypes,haplotype 1(1.53 Gb with a contig N50 of 4.68 M)and haplotype 0(1.51 Gb with a contig N50 of 5.28 M).Homologous ginger chromosomes maintained excellent gene pair collinearity.In 17,226 pairs of allelic genes,11.9%exhibited differential expression between alleles.Based on the results of ginger genome sequencing,transcriptome analysis,and metabolomic analysis,we proposed a backbone biosynthetic pathway of gingerol analogs,which consists of 12 enzymatic gene families,PAL,C4H,4CL,CST,C3’H,C3OMT,CCOMT,CSE,PKS,AOR,DHN,and DHT.These analyses also identified the likely transcription factor networks that regulate the synthesis of gingerol analogs.Overall,this study serves as an excellent resource for further research on ginger biology and breeding,lays a foundation for a better understanding of ginger evolution,and presents an intact biosynthetic pathway for species-specific gingerol biosynthesis.