What factors fundamentally determine the value of superconducting transition temperature Tc in high temperature superconductors has been the subject of intense debate.Following the establishment of an empirical law kn...What factors fundamentally determine the value of superconducting transition temperature Tc in high temperature superconductors has been the subject of intense debate.Following the establishment of an empirical law known as Homes'law,there is a growing consensus in the community that the Tc value of the cuprate superconductors is closely linked to the superfluid density(ρ_(s))of its ground state and the conductivity(σ)of its normal state.However,all the data supporting this empirical law(ρ_(s)=AσT_(c))have been obtained from the ambientpressure superconductors.In this study,we present the first high-pressure results about the connection of the quantities of ρ_(s) and σ with T_(c),through the studies on the Bi_(1.74)Pb_(0.38)Sr_(1.88)CuO_(6+δ)and Bi_(2)Sr_(2)CaCu_(2)O_(8+δ),in which the value of their high-pressure resistivity(ρ=1/σ)is achieved by adopting our newly established method,while the quantity ofρs is extracted using Homes'law.We highlight that the Tc values are strongly linked to the joint response factors of magnetic field and electric field,i.e.,ρ_(s) and σ,respectively,implying that the physics determining T_(c) is governed by the intrinsic electromagnetic fields of the system.展开更多
BACKGROUND The precise mechanism by which severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)impacts the central nervous system remains unclear,with manifestations spanning from mild symptoms(e.g.,olfactory an...BACKGROUND The precise mechanism by which severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)impacts the central nervous system remains unclear,with manifestations spanning from mild symptoms(e.g.,olfactory and gustatory deficits,hallucinations,and headache)to severe complications(e.g.,stroke,seizures,encephalitis,and neurally demyelinating lesions).The occurrence of single-pass subdural effusion,as described below,is extremely rare.CASE SUMMARY A 56-year-old male patient presented with left-sided limb weakness and slurred speech as predominant clinical symptoms.Through comprehensive imaging and diagnostic assessments,he was diagnosed with cerebral infarction complicated by hemorrhagic transformation affecting the right frontal,temporal,and parietal regions.In addition,an intracranial infection with SARS-CoV-2 was identified during the rehabilitation process;consequently,an idiopathic subdural effusion developed.Remarkably,the subdural effusion underwent absorption within 6 d,with no recurrence observed during the 3-month follow-up.CONCLUSION Subdural effusion is a potentially rare intracranial complication associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection.展开更多
提高换流母线电压的暂态稳定对保障直流输电安全运行具有重要作用。在研究调相机与交流滤波器稳态输出无功协调对换流母线电压暂态稳定性影响的基础上,采用基于多二元表描述的电压暂态稳定裕度指标和支持向量机,提出了基于换流站母线电...提高换流母线电压的暂态稳定对保障直流输电安全运行具有重要作用。在研究调相机与交流滤波器稳态输出无功协调对换流母线电压暂态稳定性影响的基础上,采用基于多二元表描述的电压暂态稳定裕度指标和支持向量机,提出了基于换流站母线电压和稳态无功协调状态预测母线电压暂态稳定裕度的回归建模方法,进一步利用回归模型,提出了提高换流母线电压暂态稳定裕度和降低系统网损的调相机与交流滤波器稳态无功协调优化方法。最后,利用雅中直流馈入江西电网的电力系统分析综合程序PSASP(power system analysis software package,PSASP)计算分析模型,验证了所提无功协调优化方法提升南昌换流站母线电压暂态稳定性的有效性。仿真结果表明优化方法能够充分挖掘调相机基于动态无功支撑提高换流母线电压对严重故障扰动保持暂态稳定的能力,同时减少交流滤波器的投运数量。展开更多
背景与目的:胎盘部位滋养细胞肿瘤(placental site trophoblastic tumor,PSTT)是罕见的妇科恶性肿瘤,由于PSTT在子宫内独特的浸润方式和对化疗不敏感特性,全子宫切除是首选的手术方式。本研究旨在探讨Ⅰ期PSTT患者保守手术治疗的可行性...背景与目的:胎盘部位滋养细胞肿瘤(placental site trophoblastic tumor,PSTT)是罕见的妇科恶性肿瘤,由于PSTT在子宫内独特的浸润方式和对化疗不敏感特性,全子宫切除是首选的手术方式。本研究旨在探讨Ⅰ期PSTT患者保守手术治疗的可行性和安全性。方法:纳入2015年1月-2021年12月复旦大学附属妇产科医院收治的Ⅰ期PSTT病例,同时分别以“placental site trophoblastic tumor”和“case”、“胎盘部位滋养细胞肿瘤”和“例”为关键词在PubMed和中国知网(CNKI)中检索1990年1月-2021年12月发表的接受保守手术治疗的Ⅰ期PSTT个案报道和系统病例报告,收集患者的临床病理学资料,并进行回顾性分析。结果:共纳入复旦大学附属妇产科医院收治的符合标准的病例10例,中位年龄为27岁,最常见的症状为不规则阴道出血(70.0%),中位诊断距离前次妊娠时间间隔(interval since antecedent pregnancy,ISAP)为14.5个月,中位β-绒毛膜促性腺激素(β-human chorionic gonadotrophin,β-hCG)水平为124.51 mU/mL,病灶直径为0.8~8.0 cm。复旦大学附属妇产科医院收治的10例患者经初始治疗后均获得完全缓解,平均随访时间为48.1个月,均未复发。3例患者治疗后自然受孕,其中2例足月妊娠分娩,1例因计划外妊娠行人工流产。文献复习PSTT病例显示出类似的临床病理学分布特征和疾病转归。结论:保守手术可以作为部分Ⅰ期PSTT患者的一种替代治疗方法,但需更多研究提供证据。展开更多
考虑协调发电机和变电站电容器稳态无功出力占比对系统暂态电压稳定性的影响,以及无功优化和电压稳定的区域调控特点,研究了基于厂站稳态无功协调提高系统暂态电压稳定裕度的预防控制方案决策方法。该方法在利用近邻传播(affinity propa...考虑协调发电机和变电站电容器稳态无功出力占比对系统暂态电压稳定性的影响,以及无功优化和电压稳定的区域调控特点,研究了基于厂站稳态无功协调提高系统暂态电压稳定裕度的预防控制方案决策方法。该方法在利用近邻传播(affinity propagation,AP)聚类算法和综合暂态电压稳定裕度确定稳定裕度薄弱区域的基础上,基于发电机无功调节对薄弱母线电压作用的加权平均灵敏度进行灵敏调节发电机选择。接着以薄弱区并联无功补偿和灵敏发电机无功出力作为控制变量,建立兼顾暂态电压稳定裕度和母线电压额定值偏移的厂站无功协调多目标优化模型,并结合暂态稳定计算,利用多目标优化算法(multi-objective evolutionary algorithm based on decomposition,MOEA/D)和逼近理想解排序法(technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution,TOPSIS)求解系统对严重预想故障的多目标稳态无功协调方案。江西电网实际算例的仿真研究验证了该决策方法的有效性。展开更多
A material described as lutetium–hydrogen–nitrogen(Lu-H-N in short)was recently claimed to have“near-ambient superconductivity”[Dasenbrock-Gammon et al.,Nature 615,244–250(2023)].If this result could be reproduce...A material described as lutetium–hydrogen–nitrogen(Lu-H-N in short)was recently claimed to have“near-ambient superconductivity”[Dasenbrock-Gammon et al.,Nature 615,244–250(2023)].If this result could be reproduced by other teams,it would be a major scientific breakthrough.Here,we report our results of transport and structure measurements on a material prepared using the same method as reported by Dasenbrock-Gammon et al.Our x-ray diffraction measurements indicate that the obtained sample contains three substances:the facecentered-cubic(FCC)-1 phase(Fm-3m)with lattice parameter a=5.03Å,the FCC-2 phase(Fm-3m)with a lattice parameter a=4.755Å,and Lu metal.The two FCC phases are identical to the those reported in the so-called near-ambient superconductor.However,we find from our resistance measurements in the temperature range from 300 K down to 4 K and the pressure range 0.9–3.4 GPa and our magnetic susceptibility measurements in the pressure range 0.8–3.3 GPa and the temperature range down to 100 K that the samples show no evidence of superconductivity.We also use a laser heating technique to heat a sample to 1800 XC and find no superconductivity in the produced dark blue material below 6.5 GPa.In addition,both samples remain dark blue in color in the pressure range investigated.展开更多
Dysregulation of hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated cation(HCN)channels alters neuronal excitability.However,the role of HCN channels in status epilepticus is not fully understood.In this study,we est...Dysregulation of hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated cation(HCN)channels alters neuronal excitability.However,the role of HCN channels in status epilepticus is not fully understood.In this study,we established rat models of pentylenetetrazole-induced status epilepticus.We performed western blot assays and immunofluorescence staining.Our results showed that HCN1 channel protein expression,particularly HCN1 surface protein,was significantly decreased in the hippocampal CA1 region,whereas the expression of HCN2 channel protein was unchanged.Moreover,metabolic glutamate receptor 1(mGluR1)protein expression was increased after status epilepticus.The mGluR1 agonist(RS)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine injected intracerebroventricularly increased the sensitivity and severity of pentylenetetrazole-induced status epilepticus,whereas application of the mGluR1 antagonist(+)-2-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine(LY367385)alleviated the severity of pentylenetetrazole-induced status epilepticus.The results from double immunofluorescence labeling revealed that mGluR1 and HCN1 were co-localized in the CA1 region.Subsequently,a protein kinase A inhibitor(H89)administered intraperitoneally successfully reversed HCN1 channel inhibition,thereby suppressing the severity and prolonging the latency of pentylenetetrazole-induced status epilepticus.Furthermore,H89 reduced the level of mGluR1,downregulated cyclic adenosine monophosphate(cAMP)/protein kinase A expression,significantly increased tetratricopeptide repeat-containing Rab8b-interacting protein(TRIP8b)(1a-4)expression,and restored TRIP8b(1b-2)levels.TRIP8b(1a-4)and TRIP8b(1b-2)are subunits of Rab8b interacting protein that regulate HCN1 surface protein.展开更多
Memtransistors combine memristors and field-effect transistors, which can introduce multi-port control and have significant applications for enriching storage methods. In this paper, multilayer α-In2Se3and MoS2were t...Memtransistors combine memristors and field-effect transistors, which can introduce multi-port control and have significant applications for enriching storage methods. In this paper, multilayer α-In2Se3and MoS2were transferred to the substrate by the mechanical exfoliation method, then a heterojunction MoS_(2)/α-In_(2)Se_(3) memtransistor was prepared. Neural synaptic simulations were performed using electrical and optical pulses as input signals. Through measurements, such as excitatory/inhibitory post-synaptic current(EPSC/IPSC), long-term potentiation/depression(LTP/LTD), and paired-pulse facilitation/depression(PPF/PPD), it can be found that the fabricated device could simulate various functions of neural synapses well, and could work as an electronic synapse in artificial neural networks, proposing a possible solution for neuromorphic storage and computation.展开更多
As the number of patients suffering from cardiovascular diseases and peripheral vascular diseases rises,the constraints of autologous transplantation remain unavoidable.As a result,artificial vascular grafts must be d...As the number of patients suffering from cardiovascular diseases and peripheral vascular diseases rises,the constraints of autologous transplantation remain unavoidable.As a result,artificial vascular grafts must be developed.Adhesion of proteins,platelets and bacteria on implants can result in stenosis,thrombus formation,and postoperative infection,which can be fatal for an implantation.Polyurethane,as a commonly used biomaterial,has been modified in various ways to deal with the adhesions of proteins,platelets,and bacteria and to stimulate endothelium adhesion.In this review,we briefly summarize the mechanisms behind adhesions,overview the current strategies of surface modifications of polyurethane biomaterials used in vascular grafts,and highlight the challenges that need to be addressed in future studies,aiming to gain a more profound understanding of how to develop artificial polyurethane vascular grafts with an enhanced implantation success rate and reduced side effect.展开更多
We report the observation of a magnetic transition at the temperature about 56 K,through the high-pressure heat capacity and magnetic susceptibility measurements on the samples that have been claimed to be a nearroom-...We report the observation of a magnetic transition at the temperature about 56 K,through the high-pressure heat capacity and magnetic susceptibility measurements on the samples that have been claimed to be a nearroom-temperature superconductor[Dasenbrock-Gammon et al.Nature 615,244(2023)].Our results show that this magnetic phase is robust against pressure up to 4.3 GPa,which covers the critical pressure of boosting the claimed superconductivity.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant Nos.2021YFA1401800 and 2022YFA1403900)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.U2032214,12122414,12104487,and 12004419)+1 种基金the Strategic Priority Research Program(B)of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.XDB25000000)supported by the US Department of Energy,Office of Basic Energy Sciences(Grant No.DOE-sc0012704)。
文摘What factors fundamentally determine the value of superconducting transition temperature Tc in high temperature superconductors has been the subject of intense debate.Following the establishment of an empirical law known as Homes'law,there is a growing consensus in the community that the Tc value of the cuprate superconductors is closely linked to the superfluid density(ρ_(s))of its ground state and the conductivity(σ)of its normal state.However,all the data supporting this empirical law(ρ_(s)=AσT_(c))have been obtained from the ambientpressure superconductors.In this study,we present the first high-pressure results about the connection of the quantities of ρ_(s) and σ with T_(c),through the studies on the Bi_(1.74)Pb_(0.38)Sr_(1.88)CuO_(6+δ)and Bi_(2)Sr_(2)CaCu_(2)O_(8+δ),in which the value of their high-pressure resistivity(ρ=1/σ)is achieved by adopting our newly established method,while the quantity ofρs is extracted using Homes'law.We highlight that the Tc values are strongly linked to the joint response factors of magnetic field and electric field,i.e.,ρ_(s) and σ,respectively,implying that the physics determining T_(c) is governed by the intrinsic electromagnetic fields of the system.
文摘BACKGROUND The precise mechanism by which severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)impacts the central nervous system remains unclear,with manifestations spanning from mild symptoms(e.g.,olfactory and gustatory deficits,hallucinations,and headache)to severe complications(e.g.,stroke,seizures,encephalitis,and neurally demyelinating lesions).The occurrence of single-pass subdural effusion,as described below,is extremely rare.CASE SUMMARY A 56-year-old male patient presented with left-sided limb weakness and slurred speech as predominant clinical symptoms.Through comprehensive imaging and diagnostic assessments,he was diagnosed with cerebral infarction complicated by hemorrhagic transformation affecting the right frontal,temporal,and parietal regions.In addition,an intracranial infection with SARS-CoV-2 was identified during the rehabilitation process;consequently,an idiopathic subdural effusion developed.Remarkably,the subdural effusion underwent absorption within 6 d,with no recurrence observed during the 3-month follow-up.CONCLUSION Subdural effusion is a potentially rare intracranial complication associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection.
文摘提高换流母线电压的暂态稳定对保障直流输电安全运行具有重要作用。在研究调相机与交流滤波器稳态输出无功协调对换流母线电压暂态稳定性影响的基础上,采用基于多二元表描述的电压暂态稳定裕度指标和支持向量机,提出了基于换流站母线电压和稳态无功协调状态预测母线电压暂态稳定裕度的回归建模方法,进一步利用回归模型,提出了提高换流母线电压暂态稳定裕度和降低系统网损的调相机与交流滤波器稳态无功协调优化方法。最后,利用雅中直流馈入江西电网的电力系统分析综合程序PSASP(power system analysis software package,PSASP)计算分析模型,验证了所提无功协调优化方法提升南昌换流站母线电压暂态稳定性的有效性。仿真结果表明优化方法能够充分挖掘调相机基于动态无功支撑提高换流母线电压对严重故障扰动保持暂态稳定的能力,同时减少交流滤波器的投运数量。
文摘背景与目的:胎盘部位滋养细胞肿瘤(placental site trophoblastic tumor,PSTT)是罕见的妇科恶性肿瘤,由于PSTT在子宫内独特的浸润方式和对化疗不敏感特性,全子宫切除是首选的手术方式。本研究旨在探讨Ⅰ期PSTT患者保守手术治疗的可行性和安全性。方法:纳入2015年1月-2021年12月复旦大学附属妇产科医院收治的Ⅰ期PSTT病例,同时分别以“placental site trophoblastic tumor”和“case”、“胎盘部位滋养细胞肿瘤”和“例”为关键词在PubMed和中国知网(CNKI)中检索1990年1月-2021年12月发表的接受保守手术治疗的Ⅰ期PSTT个案报道和系统病例报告,收集患者的临床病理学资料,并进行回顾性分析。结果:共纳入复旦大学附属妇产科医院收治的符合标准的病例10例,中位年龄为27岁,最常见的症状为不规则阴道出血(70.0%),中位诊断距离前次妊娠时间间隔(interval since antecedent pregnancy,ISAP)为14.5个月,中位β-绒毛膜促性腺激素(β-human chorionic gonadotrophin,β-hCG)水平为124.51 mU/mL,病灶直径为0.8~8.0 cm。复旦大学附属妇产科医院收治的10例患者经初始治疗后均获得完全缓解,平均随访时间为48.1个月,均未复发。3例患者治疗后自然受孕,其中2例足月妊娠分娩,1例因计划外妊娠行人工流产。文献复习PSTT病例显示出类似的临床病理学分布特征和疾病转归。结论:保守手术可以作为部分Ⅰ期PSTT患者的一种替代治疗方法,但需更多研究提供证据。
文摘考虑协调发电机和变电站电容器稳态无功出力占比对系统暂态电压稳定性的影响,以及无功优化和电压稳定的区域调控特点,研究了基于厂站稳态无功协调提高系统暂态电压稳定裕度的预防控制方案决策方法。该方法在利用近邻传播(affinity propagation,AP)聚类算法和综合暂态电压稳定裕度确定稳定裕度薄弱区域的基础上,基于发电机无功调节对薄弱母线电压作用的加权平均灵敏度进行灵敏调节发电机选择。接着以薄弱区并联无功补偿和灵敏发电机无功出力作为控制变量,建立兼顾暂态电压稳定裕度和母线电压额定值偏移的厂站无功协调多目标优化模型,并结合暂态稳定计算,利用多目标优化算法(multi-objective evolutionary algorithm based on decomposition,MOEA/D)和逼近理想解排序法(technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution,TOPSIS)求解系统对严重预想故障的多目标稳态无功协调方案。江西电网实际算例的仿真研究验证了该决策方法的有效性。
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant Nos.2022YFA1403900 and 2021YFA1401800)the NSF of China(Grant Nos.U2032214,12104487,12122414,and 12004419)+2 种基金the Strategic Priority Research Program(B)of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.XDB25000000)J.G.and S.C.are grateful for support from the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the CAS(Grant No.2019008)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.E0BK111).
文摘A material described as lutetium–hydrogen–nitrogen(Lu-H-N in short)was recently claimed to have“near-ambient superconductivity”[Dasenbrock-Gammon et al.,Nature 615,244–250(2023)].If this result could be reproduced by other teams,it would be a major scientific breakthrough.Here,we report our results of transport and structure measurements on a material prepared using the same method as reported by Dasenbrock-Gammon et al.Our x-ray diffraction measurements indicate that the obtained sample contains three substances:the facecentered-cubic(FCC)-1 phase(Fm-3m)with lattice parameter a=5.03Å,the FCC-2 phase(Fm-3m)with a lattice parameter a=4.755Å,and Lu metal.The two FCC phases are identical to the those reported in the so-called near-ambient superconductor.However,we find from our resistance measurements in the temperature range from 300 K down to 4 K and the pressure range 0.9–3.4 GPa and our magnetic susceptibility measurements in the pressure range 0.8–3.3 GPa and the temperature range down to 100 K that the samples show no evidence of superconductivity.We also use a laser heating technique to heat a sample to 1800 XC and find no superconductivity in the produced dark blue material below 6.5 GPa.In addition,both samples remain dark blue in color in the pressure range investigated.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81760242(to MGM).
文摘Dysregulation of hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated cation(HCN)channels alters neuronal excitability.However,the role of HCN channels in status epilepticus is not fully understood.In this study,we established rat models of pentylenetetrazole-induced status epilepticus.We performed western blot assays and immunofluorescence staining.Our results showed that HCN1 channel protein expression,particularly HCN1 surface protein,was significantly decreased in the hippocampal CA1 region,whereas the expression of HCN2 channel protein was unchanged.Moreover,metabolic glutamate receptor 1(mGluR1)protein expression was increased after status epilepticus.The mGluR1 agonist(RS)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine injected intracerebroventricularly increased the sensitivity and severity of pentylenetetrazole-induced status epilepticus,whereas application of the mGluR1 antagonist(+)-2-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine(LY367385)alleviated the severity of pentylenetetrazole-induced status epilepticus.The results from double immunofluorescence labeling revealed that mGluR1 and HCN1 were co-localized in the CA1 region.Subsequently,a protein kinase A inhibitor(H89)administered intraperitoneally successfully reversed HCN1 channel inhibition,thereby suppressing the severity and prolonging the latency of pentylenetetrazole-induced status epilepticus.Furthermore,H89 reduced the level of mGluR1,downregulated cyclic adenosine monophosphate(cAMP)/protein kinase A expression,significantly increased tetratricopeptide repeat-containing Rab8b-interacting protein(TRIP8b)(1a-4)expression,and restored TRIP8b(1b-2)levels.TRIP8b(1a-4)and TRIP8b(1b-2)are subunits of Rab8b interacting protein that regulate HCN1 surface protein.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51702245)。
文摘Memtransistors combine memristors and field-effect transistors, which can introduce multi-port control and have significant applications for enriching storage methods. In this paper, multilayer α-In2Se3and MoS2were transferred to the substrate by the mechanical exfoliation method, then a heterojunction MoS_(2)/α-In_(2)Se_(3) memtransistor was prepared. Neural synaptic simulations were performed using electrical and optical pulses as input signals. Through measurements, such as excitatory/inhibitory post-synaptic current(EPSC/IPSC), long-term potentiation/depression(LTP/LTD), and paired-pulse facilitation/depression(PPF/PPD), it can be found that the fabricated device could simulate various functions of neural synapses well, and could work as an electronic synapse in artificial neural networks, proposing a possible solution for neuromorphic storage and computation.
基金supported by the National High Level Hospital Clinical Research Funding:2022-PUMCH-A-191.
文摘As the number of patients suffering from cardiovascular diseases and peripheral vascular diseases rises,the constraints of autologous transplantation remain unavoidable.As a result,artificial vascular grafts must be developed.Adhesion of proteins,platelets and bacteria on implants can result in stenosis,thrombus formation,and postoperative infection,which can be fatal for an implantation.Polyurethane,as a commonly used biomaterial,has been modified in various ways to deal with the adhesions of proteins,platelets,and bacteria and to stimulate endothelium adhesion.In this review,we briefly summarize the mechanisms behind adhesions,overview the current strategies of surface modifications of polyurethane biomaterials used in vascular grafts,and highlight the challenges that need to be addressed in future studies,aiming to gain a more profound understanding of how to develop artificial polyurethane vascular grafts with an enhanced implantation success rate and reduced side effect.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant Nos.2022YFA1403900 and 2021YFA1401800)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.U2032214,12122414,12104487,and 12004419)+2 种基金the Strategic Priority Research Program(B)of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.XDB25000000)supports from the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the CAS(Grant No.2019008)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.E0BK111)。
文摘We report the observation of a magnetic transition at the temperature about 56 K,through the high-pressure heat capacity and magnetic susceptibility measurements on the samples that have been claimed to be a nearroom-temperature superconductor[Dasenbrock-Gammon et al.Nature 615,244(2023)].Our results show that this magnetic phase is robust against pressure up to 4.3 GPa,which covers the critical pressure of boosting the claimed superconductivity.
