In vitro modulation of TH1 and TH2 cytokine expression by edible tuber of Dioscorea alata and study of correlation patterns of the cytokine expression

The underground tuber of Dioscorea alata is a palatable food and is also claimed to have therapeutic effects.Various groups of researchers demonstrated different activities of this tuber such as antioxidant,hepatoprotective,anti-ulcer and anti-diabetic activities.Therefore,the aim of the present study was to evaluate the immunomodulatory potentialities of 70%hydro-methanolic extract of D.alata underground tubers by investigating different parameters like the expression of interferon gamma(IFN-),interleukin(IL)-2,IL-4 and IL-10,in addition to its effect on the proliferation of murine splenic T-lymphocytes in vitro.Results demonstrated that D.alata can actively polarize the TH0 lymphocyte population towards the expression of TH1 immune response by up-regulating the IFN-and IL-2 expression and down-regulating the IL-4 and IL-10 expression.The tuber extract also proved to possess mitogenic activity as evidenced by the proliferation of lymphocytes in vitro.©2014 Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.

Mitochondrial DNA evidence supports northeast Indian origin of the aboriginal Andamanese in the Late Paleolithic

In view of the geographically closest location to Andaman archipelago, Myanmar was suggested to be the origin place of aboriginal Andamanese. However, for lacking any genetic information from this region, which has prevented to resolve the dispute on whether the aboriginal Andamanese were originated from mainland India or Myanmar. To solve this question and better understand the origin of the aboriginal Andamanese, we screened for haplogroups M31 （from which Andaman-specific lineage M31al branched off） and M32 among 846 mitochondrial DNAs （mtDNAs） sampled across Myanmar. As a result, two Myanmar individuals belonging to haplogroup M31 were identified, and completely sequencing the entire mtDNA genomes of both samples testified that the two M31 individuals observed in Myanmar were probably attributed to the recent gene flow from northeast India populations. Since no root lineages of haplogroup M31 or M32 were observed in Myanmar, it is unlikely that Myanmar may serve as the source place of the aboriginal Andamanese. To get further insight into the origin of this unique population, the detailed phylogenetic and phylogeographic analyses were performed by including additional 7 new entire mtDNA genomes and 113 M31 mtDNAs pinpointed from South Asian populations, and the results suggested that Andaman-specific M31al could in fact trace its origin to northeast India. Time estimation results further indicated that the Andaman archipelago was likely settled by modem humans from northeast India via the land-bridge which connected the Andaman archipelago and Myanmar around the Last Glacial Maximum （LGM）, a scenario in well agreement with the evidence from linguistic and palaeoclimate studies.