Insect herbivory decreases plant fitness by constraining plant growth,survival and reproductive output.Most studies on the effects of herbivory in trees rely on correlational inter-individual comparisons and could,thu...Insect herbivory decreases plant fitness by constraining plant growth,survival and reproductive output.Most studies on the effects of herbivory in trees rely on correlational inter-individual comparisons and could,thus,be affected by confounding factors linked to both herbivory and plant performance.Using the Mediterranean Holm oak(Quercus ilex)as a study model,we followed an experimental approach in which leaf-feeding insects(mainly Lepidoptera caterpillars)were excluded from some shoots in all study trees.Shoots subjected to herbivore exclusion exhibited lower defoliation rates and produced more acorns than control shoots.Defoliation constrained shoot growth throughout the study period,but had no effect on the number of female flowers produced per shoot.Acorn production was,however,lower in control shoots due to their higher abortion rates,and also to their greater mortality risk during summer drought,as shoots with fewer leaves were less likely to survive.Plant reaction to herbivory inhibits certain physiological pathways involved in plant growth,which,together with the effects of physical damage,reduces the amount and efficiency of the photosynthetic tissue.This increases their vulnerability to environmental stresses,such as water deficit,which limit resource assimilation.Defoliation is likely a key factor affecting oak regeneration,as it may be a significant source of seed loss prior to pre-dispersal acorn predation.Further experimental studies could help to elucidate its effects in contrasting environments.In Mediterranean regions,the harsher droughts predicted by climate change models could worsen the effects of insect herbivory on oak reproductive output.展开更多
基金This work was financed by the project AGL2014-54739-R from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and the European Regional Development Fund(FEDER,European Union)RB was funded by a contract of the Atracción de Talento Investigador Programme(Gobierno de Extremadura TA13032)TC was funded by a FPI fellowship(Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness BES-2015-071382)。
文摘Insect herbivory decreases plant fitness by constraining plant growth,survival and reproductive output.Most studies on the effects of herbivory in trees rely on correlational inter-individual comparisons and could,thus,be affected by confounding factors linked to both herbivory and plant performance.Using the Mediterranean Holm oak(Quercus ilex)as a study model,we followed an experimental approach in which leaf-feeding insects(mainly Lepidoptera caterpillars)were excluded from some shoots in all study trees.Shoots subjected to herbivore exclusion exhibited lower defoliation rates and produced more acorns than control shoots.Defoliation constrained shoot growth throughout the study period,but had no effect on the number of female flowers produced per shoot.Acorn production was,however,lower in control shoots due to their higher abortion rates,and also to their greater mortality risk during summer drought,as shoots with fewer leaves were less likely to survive.Plant reaction to herbivory inhibits certain physiological pathways involved in plant growth,which,together with the effects of physical damage,reduces the amount and efficiency of the photosynthetic tissue.This increases their vulnerability to environmental stresses,such as water deficit,which limit resource assimilation.Defoliation is likely a key factor affecting oak regeneration,as it may be a significant source of seed loss prior to pre-dispersal acorn predation.Further experimental studies could help to elucidate its effects in contrasting environments.In Mediterranean regions,the harsher droughts predicted by climate change models could worsen the effects of insect herbivory on oak reproductive output.
