Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)is the most common chronic liver disease,leading to fibrosis,cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma and also associated with increased cardiovascular disease mortality.The pathog...Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)is the most common chronic liver disease,leading to fibrosis,cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma and also associated with increased cardiovascular disease mortality.The pathogenesis of NAFLD is not fully understood,although NAFLD is thought to be a hepatic form of metabolic syndrome.There is an increasing understanding of the role of microbiota disturbances in NAFLD pathogenesis,and as with many other conditions affecting the microbiota,NAFLD may be a novel risk factor for Clostridioides difficile(C.difficile)colonization(CDC)and C.difficile infection(CDI).CDI is an emerging nosocomial disease,and community-acquired cases of infection are growing,probably due to an increase in CDC rates.The association of NAFLD with CDI has been shown in only 4 studies to date,three of which included less than 1000 patients,although the frequency of NAFLD in these studies was observed in almost 20%of the total patient cohort.These data revealed that NAFLD is a risk factor for CDI development and,moreover,is a risk factor for intestinal complications of CDI.More studies are needed to investigate this association and move forward CDC and CDI screening efforts for this group of patients.展开更多
BACKGROUND Optimal physical activity is known to reduce cardiovascular,respiratory and endocrine system diseases and,as a consequence,improve quality of life.An important risk factor for reinjuries during normal exerc...BACKGROUND Optimal physical activity is known to reduce cardiovascular,respiratory and endocrine system diseases and,as a consequence,improve quality of life.An important risk factor for reinjuries during normal exercise is the initial connective tissue pathology.The variety of clinical dysplastic manifestations significantly complicate the timely diagnosis of this comorbidity.AIM To establish pathognomonic sex-specific dysplasia phenotypes that indicate a particular sensitivity to physical exertion.METHODS The study involved 117 participants with recurrent musculoskeletal injuries that occurred during normal exercise.There were 67 women(57.26%)and 50 men(42.74%),which made it possible to compare the presence of the identified signs between sexes.A validated questionnaire was used to screen their connective tissue status.RESULTS Ranking the most commonly revealed dysplasia signs depending on their clinical significance made it possible to establish pathognomonic sex-specific phenotypes that indicated a particular susceptibility to injuries.Individualized programs of optimal physical activity are necessary for men with chest deformities,flat-valgus feet,dolichostenomelia,arachnodactylia,hemorrhoids,abdominal muscle diastasis and recurrent hernias.In women,special sensitivity to physical exertion was associated with a combination of signs such as asthenic body,joint hypermobility,overly soft auricles,thin hyperelastic skin,atrophic striae,telangiectasias and varicose veins.Of particular importance were universal signs such as gothic palate,scoliosis,kyphosis,leg deformities,temporomandibular joint crunching,and moderate to high myopia.CONCLUSION Participants’connective tissue condition should be considered when designing optimal physical activity programs.Identifying the established sex-specific dysplasia phenotypes will allow timely optimization of training loads,thus reducing the risk of injury.展开更多
The liver is a unique parenchymal organ with a regenerative capacity allowing it to restore up to 70%of its volume.Although knowledge of this phenomenon dates back to Greek mythology(the story of Prometheus),many aspe...The liver is a unique parenchymal organ with a regenerative capacity allowing it to restore up to 70%of its volume.Although knowledge of this phenomenon dates back to Greek mythology(the story of Prometheus),many aspects of liver regeneration are still not understood.A variety of different factors,including inflammatory cytokines,growth factors,and bile acids,promote liver regeneration and control the final size of the organ during typical regeneration,which is performed by mature hepatocytes,and during alternative regeneration,which is performed by recently identified resident stem cells called“hepatic progenitor cells”.Hepatic progenitor cells drive liver regeneration when hepatocytes are unable to restore the liver mass,such as in cases of chronic injury or excessive acute injury.In liver maintenance,the body mass ratio is essential for homeostasis because the liver has numerous functions;therefore,a greater understanding of this process will lead to better control of liver injuries,improved transplantation of small grafts and the discovery of new methods for the treatment of liver diseases.The current review sheds light on the key molecular pathways and cells involved in typical and progenitor-dependent liver mass regeneration after various acute or chronic injuries.Subsequent studies and a better understanding of liver regeneration will lead to the development of new therapeutic methods for liver diseases.展开更多
BACKGROUND Fractures of the proximal femur epiphysis are problematic for state health care because they are associated with severe medical and social problems and high morbidity and mortality rates.AIM To model the po...BACKGROUND Fractures of the proximal femur epiphysis are problematic for state health care because they are associated with severe medical and social problems and high morbidity and mortality rates.AIM To model the potential risk of hip fracture via femur geometric parameters.METHODS Seventy educational cadaveric femurs from people aged 14 to 80 years,10 X-ray images from the records of the Human Anatomy Department and 10 X-ray images from the Department of Traumatology,Orthopedics and Disaster Surgery of Sechenov University,were evaluated.The parameters of the fractured bone were measured using images captured with a Canon d60 camera.The projection values of the proximal epiphysis of the cadaveric femurs and geometric parameters of the bones shown in the X-ray images were measured with Autodesk software(AutoCAD 2018).Analysis of the video frames showing bone rotation reveal that the greater trochanter can be inscribed in a parallelepiped,where one of the faces is parallel to the plane of view in the frontal standard projection and is rectangular.The angle of bone rotation obtained by turning the cube corresponded to the angle measured with the second technique.This reliable method of calculating the rotation of the bone relative to the anterior projection was employed in subsequent calculations.The geometric parameters of the femur were measured using X-ray images according to the proposed method.RESULTS The geometric parameters of 70 femurs were analyzed,and correlation coefficients were calculated.Our measurement results were compared with those reported by other authors.The potential influence of femur geometry on force distribution in the proximal epiphysis of the femur was described,and a 2-dimensional model of the femur epiphysis associated with minimal neck fracture risk was provided.The assessment of the geometric parameters of the femoral epiphysis indicated the greatest risk of a varus fracture of the neck if the angle of the minimal resistance zone(AMRZ)index>24°and the neck-shaft angle(NSA)<127.5°.In contrast,the minimum risk was observed at AMRZ<14°and NSA>128.87°.CONCLUSION The proposed method provides the potential femur neck fracture risk based on geometric parameters.展开更多
文摘Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)is the most common chronic liver disease,leading to fibrosis,cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma and also associated with increased cardiovascular disease mortality.The pathogenesis of NAFLD is not fully understood,although NAFLD is thought to be a hepatic form of metabolic syndrome.There is an increasing understanding of the role of microbiota disturbances in NAFLD pathogenesis,and as with many other conditions affecting the microbiota,NAFLD may be a novel risk factor for Clostridioides difficile(C.difficile)colonization(CDC)and C.difficile infection(CDI).CDI is an emerging nosocomial disease,and community-acquired cases of infection are growing,probably due to an increase in CDC rates.The association of NAFLD with CDI has been shown in only 4 studies to date,three of which included less than 1000 patients,although the frequency of NAFLD in these studies was observed in almost 20%of the total patient cohort.These data revealed that NAFLD is a risk factor for CDI development and,moreover,is a risk factor for intestinal complications of CDI.More studies are needed to investigate this association and move forward CDC and CDI screening efforts for this group of patients.
基金approved by the Ethics Committee of I.M.Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University(Sechenov University)under protocol No.08-19 on 05.06.2019.
文摘BACKGROUND Optimal physical activity is known to reduce cardiovascular,respiratory and endocrine system diseases and,as a consequence,improve quality of life.An important risk factor for reinjuries during normal exercise is the initial connective tissue pathology.The variety of clinical dysplastic manifestations significantly complicate the timely diagnosis of this comorbidity.AIM To establish pathognomonic sex-specific dysplasia phenotypes that indicate a particular sensitivity to physical exertion.METHODS The study involved 117 participants with recurrent musculoskeletal injuries that occurred during normal exercise.There were 67 women(57.26%)and 50 men(42.74%),which made it possible to compare the presence of the identified signs between sexes.A validated questionnaire was used to screen their connective tissue status.RESULTS Ranking the most commonly revealed dysplasia signs depending on their clinical significance made it possible to establish pathognomonic sex-specific phenotypes that indicated a particular susceptibility to injuries.Individualized programs of optimal physical activity are necessary for men with chest deformities,flat-valgus feet,dolichostenomelia,arachnodactylia,hemorrhoids,abdominal muscle diastasis and recurrent hernias.In women,special sensitivity to physical exertion was associated with a combination of signs such as asthenic body,joint hypermobility,overly soft auricles,thin hyperelastic skin,atrophic striae,telangiectasias and varicose veins.Of particular importance were universal signs such as gothic palate,scoliosis,kyphosis,leg deformities,temporomandibular joint crunching,and moderate to high myopia.CONCLUSION Participants’connective tissue condition should be considered when designing optimal physical activity programs.Identifying the established sex-specific dysplasia phenotypes will allow timely optimization of training loads,thus reducing the risk of injury.
文摘The liver is a unique parenchymal organ with a regenerative capacity allowing it to restore up to 70%of its volume.Although knowledge of this phenomenon dates back to Greek mythology(the story of Prometheus),many aspects of liver regeneration are still not understood.A variety of different factors,including inflammatory cytokines,growth factors,and bile acids,promote liver regeneration and control the final size of the organ during typical regeneration,which is performed by mature hepatocytes,and during alternative regeneration,which is performed by recently identified resident stem cells called“hepatic progenitor cells”.Hepatic progenitor cells drive liver regeneration when hepatocytes are unable to restore the liver mass,such as in cases of chronic injury or excessive acute injury.In liver maintenance,the body mass ratio is essential for homeostasis because the liver has numerous functions;therefore,a greater understanding of this process will lead to better control of liver injuries,improved transplantation of small grafts and the discovery of new methods for the treatment of liver diseases.The current review sheds light on the key molecular pathways and cells involved in typical and progenitor-dependent liver mass regeneration after various acute or chronic injuries.Subsequent studies and a better understanding of liver regeneration will lead to the development of new therapeutic methods for liver diseases.
文摘BACKGROUND Fractures of the proximal femur epiphysis are problematic for state health care because they are associated with severe medical and social problems and high morbidity and mortality rates.AIM To model the potential risk of hip fracture via femur geometric parameters.METHODS Seventy educational cadaveric femurs from people aged 14 to 80 years,10 X-ray images from the records of the Human Anatomy Department and 10 X-ray images from the Department of Traumatology,Orthopedics and Disaster Surgery of Sechenov University,were evaluated.The parameters of the fractured bone were measured using images captured with a Canon d60 camera.The projection values of the proximal epiphysis of the cadaveric femurs and geometric parameters of the bones shown in the X-ray images were measured with Autodesk software(AutoCAD 2018).Analysis of the video frames showing bone rotation reveal that the greater trochanter can be inscribed in a parallelepiped,where one of the faces is parallel to the plane of view in the frontal standard projection and is rectangular.The angle of bone rotation obtained by turning the cube corresponded to the angle measured with the second technique.This reliable method of calculating the rotation of the bone relative to the anterior projection was employed in subsequent calculations.The geometric parameters of the femur were measured using X-ray images according to the proposed method.RESULTS The geometric parameters of 70 femurs were analyzed,and correlation coefficients were calculated.Our measurement results were compared with those reported by other authors.The potential influence of femur geometry on force distribution in the proximal epiphysis of the femur was described,and a 2-dimensional model of the femur epiphysis associated with minimal neck fracture risk was provided.The assessment of the geometric parameters of the femoral epiphysis indicated the greatest risk of a varus fracture of the neck if the angle of the minimal resistance zone(AMRZ)index>24°and the neck-shaft angle(NSA)<127.5°.In contrast,the minimum risk was observed at AMRZ<14°and NSA>128.87°.CONCLUSION The proposed method provides the potential femur neck fracture risk based on geometric parameters.
