Effect of Stabilizers and Storage Time on the Quality of Tomato Sauce

The experiment was conducted at laboratory of the faculty of Agro-industry,Royal University of Agriculture,locating in Phnom Penh city,commenced from August to October,2023.The single factor CRD(Completely Randomized Design)was used with 6 treatments and 3 replications.While the 7 ingredients were used such as tomato,sugar,salt,onion,bell pepper,sodium benzoate and vinegar,with or without stabilizers.After processing,the sauce was kept in room temperature to observe the self-life and the variation of nutrients contain in 8 weeks.The chemical compositions in the sauce were analyzed to identify the variation during storing in the temperature room.Through the findings showed that the pH value,Total soluble solids and Color(L,A&B)of all treatments has decreased in 8th week comparing to starting point,while the Total acids increased.If comparing among the 6 treatments,after the products have produced(w0),all the chemical compositions in group T0 containing the lowest,exception of Fat and Color(L).When the self-life up to eight weeks,all the composition parameters were statistically different(except for Moisture,Ash,Dry Mass,and Fat).For identification the Bacteria presenting showed that there was no present in first day of self-life until the first week.The present of bacteria were detected from 2nd week to 8th week,excepted T0.The CFU of T0 had the lowest number of colonies,while T3 had the highest once.At the same time,we found that the number of colonies decreases with the age of storage(self-life),which means that at the beginning of growing in the second week,it had higher amount(from 2.10 to 2.69 of CFU as log);while this number decreased with the shelf life up to 8 weeks,which is between 0 to 2.35.

Evaluation of Smallholder Farmers’Awareness of Cattle Diseases in Svay Rieng and Prey Veng Provinces,Cambodia

In Cambodia,cattle are used as draught power,sources of fertilizer,sources of assets,and for meat production.Due to some contagious illnesses such as hemorrhagic septicemia and foot-and-mouth disease(FMD),they mostly have low reproductivity and poor physical health.Among those diseases,brucellosis is starting to appear in cattle production in rural Cambodia and is highly transmissible to humans.Thus,the objective of this study was to evaluate the farmers’awareness of cattle diseases and their transmissibility in the country.A survey was conducted in two provinces,Svay Rieng and Prey Veng,in Cambodia,starting from July 2021 to January 2022.A sample size of 216 was randomly selected from the two provinces by using Taro Yamane,and the selection criteria were that the targeted households must have at least two cows.A pre-determined questionnaire was utilized to collect data on number of cattle,raising type,feeding system,source of cattle purchase,hygienic condition,waste management,cattle disease,body score condition and symptoms.As a result,86% of the respondents in Prey Veng province and 99.07% in Svay Rieng province have cattle disease.Smallholder farmers raise 5 to 10 cattle per household,while other farmers raise 10 to 15 calves,or 15-20 or more than 20 heads,while only 20% of smallholder farmers in Prey Veng were able to raise 5 to 10 male cattle per household.Of all the interviewees,90% recognized FMD based on clinical signs such as blisters on the feet,loss of appetite,salivation and painful,red,blister-like lesions on the tongue.Meanwhile,60% know lumpy skin disease(LSD)due to skin nodules.No one knew about brucellosis.The findings suggest that the knowledge farmers have over cattle disease is very limited and this needs more support from related institutions to raise their awareness in order to cope with cattle disease correctly and timely.

Seroprevalence of Brucellosis Disease and Lumpy Skin Disease on Cattles at Svay Rieng and Prey Veng Province, Cambodia

LSD (Lumpy Skin Disease) is a poxviral disease with significant morbidity in cattle and belongs to the family Poxviridae and the genus Capripoxvirus and is transmitted by hematophagous arthropod vectors. Despite the typically low mortality rate, economic costs arise from deterioration in health, decreased milk production, miscarriages, infertility and harmed hides. Brucellosis disease is one of the most common contagious and communicable zoonotic diseases with high rates of morbidity and lifetime sterility. Serological tests with ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays) indicate exposure to Brucella and LSD in cattle. To identify the presence of those diseases, the research was conducted in two provinces, Svay Rieng and Prey Veng, in Cambodia, starting from July 2021 to January 2022. In the study, the 2018 Thusfield method was adopted, and two cattle were selected from 216 households in the two provinces (112 in Svay Rieng and 104 in Prey Veng). However, not all the families had two cattle, so the total sample size was 300 cattle (227 in Svay Rieng and 73 in Prey Veng). As a result, there was only one brucellosis disease case in Svay Rieng Province, while that disease was not found at all in Prey Veng. Meanwhile, LSD was higher in Prey Veng (80% of the tested cattle) than in Svay Rieng (69%). Among all of the tested cattle, 66.7% had the highest BS (Body Score = 4). The finding suggests that LSD was prevalent in the studied areas, which may cause economic losses. Thus, preventive measures should be taken properly to tackle this issue. Although Brucellosis was a rare case in the studied areas, it may spread faster, causing abortion in cattle and women. Biosecurity is needed to ensure a strict control over this disease.

Impact of Forage Programme on Cattle Body Condition Score of Smallholder Farmers in Cambodia

The survey was conducted in the target provinces,Kampong Cham and Pursat province,of Beef for Market Project funded by ACIAR,Australia,in January and July 2016.Survey was designed with three different types of farmers such as adopted farmer,exposed farmers and non-exposed farmers.The objective of the study is to evaluate the impact of the introducing forage on cattle production of smallholder farmers supported by the project.The adopted farmers,who have involved in the project,planted the forage to supplement their cattle,got higher BCS(Body Condition Scoring)and total income than exposed and non-exposed farmers.However,the BCS varied with season and gender of cattle as well,when in the raining season male cattle produced higher BSC than dry season and female cattle respectively.However,further study on impact of converting cropland into forage planting should be deeply analyzed,since there was competition of land use.

Condition of Local Cattle at Slaughterhouses in Phnom Penh City,Cambodia

The survey was conducted four times between September 2015 and June 2016 with an interval of three months.Each survey lasted for 7 days at two main slaughterhouses in Phnom Penh city:Chroy Chongva and Beung Salang slaughterhouses.The objective of this study is to evaluate the perceptions of cattle traders on their business and the BCS(Body Condition Score)of cattle arriving slaughterhouses.Results have shown that the interviewed traders started their business between 1995 and 2013.Most of them bought 3 to 4 cattle per time and slaughtered one head of cattle each day with an interval of one day transit.The buying of cattle relied on collectors and during of the time of study cattle were purcahsed from 13 different provinces.The supply of cattle was high from July to August and low from March to April.When arriving gathering areas nearby slaughterhouse,cattle were sent to slaughterhouse within one day and could be maintained with one week.Beef was mostly sold by themselves and to their relatives for retailing.They also sold beef to outside retailer,distributor and sold at market.The price of beef was high from March to April.High percentage of male cattle were found in slaughterhouses than female cattle with the age of 3 to 6 years old.High distribution of cattle were found to have BCS between 2 and 3 scores,and it is found that male cattle had higher BCS than female cattle.The amount of meat varies with BCS,e.g.up to 57.56%of total liveweight when BCS was 4 scores.The price of live cattle varies with cattle BCS and meat proportion of animal.