Biochar compost blends facilitate switchgrass growth in mine soils by reducing Cd and Zn bioavailability

Biochars have the potential to reclaim mine-impacted soils;however,their variable physico-chemical properties incite specu-lation about their successful remediation performance.This investigation examined the capability of biochars produced from three different feedstocks along with a compost blend to improve switchgrass growth conditions in a mine-impacted soil by examining influences on soil pH,grass metal contents,and soil-extractable metal concentrations.Cadmium(Cd)-and zinc(Zn)-contaminated mine soil was collected from a site near Webb City,Missouri,USA-a location within the Tri-State Min-ing District.In a full factorial design,soil was treated with a 0%,2.5%,and 5%(w/w)compost mixture(wood chips+beef cattle manure),and 0%,2.5%and 5%of each biochar pyrolyzed from beef cattle manure,poultry litter,and lodgepole pine feedstocks.Switchgrass(Panicum virgatum,‘Cave-In-Rock’variety)was grown in a greenhouse for 50 days and the mass of shoots(above-ground biomass)and roots was assessed,while soil pH,deionized H_(2)O-and 0.01 M CaCl_(2)-extractable Cd and Zn concentrations were measured.Poultry litter biochar and compost had the greatest ability to raise soil pH(from 4.40 to 6.61),beef cattle manure biochar and compost moderately raised pH(from 4.4 to 5.92),and lodgepole pine biochar and compost weakly raised pH(from 4.40 to 5.05).Soils treated with beef cattle manure biochar,poultry litter biochar signifi-cantly reduced deionized H_(2)O-and 0.01 M CaCl_(2)-extractable Cd and Zn concentrations,while lodgepole pine biochar-treated soils showed mixed results.Switchgrass shoot and root masses were greatest in soil treated with compost in combination with either beef cattle manure biochar or poultry litter biochar.Soils treated with 5%beef cattle manure biochar+5%compost had greater reductions in total Cd and Zn concentrations measured in switchgrass shoots and roots compared to the other two treatments.The three biochars and compost mixtures applied to heavy metal,mine-impacted soil had considerable performance dissimilarities for improving switchgrass productivity.Switchgrass growth was noticeably improved after treatment with the compost in combination with biochar from beef cattle manure or poultry litter.This may be explained by the increased soil pH that promoted Zn and Cd precipitation and organic functional groups that reduced soil-available heavy metal concentrations.Our results imply that creating designer biochars is an important management component in developing successful mine-site phytostabilization programs.

Microbial response to designer biochar and compost treatments for mining impacted soils

The Oronogo-Duenweg mining belt is a designated United States Environmental Protection Agency Superfund site due to lead-contaminated soil and groundwater by former mining and smelting operations.Sites that have undergone remediation-in which the O,A,and B horizons have been removed alongside the lead contamination-have an exposed C horizon and are incalcitrant to revegetation efforts.Soils also continue to contain quantifiable Cd and Zn concentrations.To improve soil conditions and encourage successful site revegetation,our study employed three biochars,sourced from different feedstocks(poultry litter,beef cattle manure,and lodgepole pine),at two rates of application(2.5%,and 5%),coupled with compost(0%,2.5%and 5%application rates).Two plant species-switchgrass(Panicum virgatum)and buffalograss(Bouteloua dactyloides)-were grown in the amended soils.Amendment of soils with poultry litter biochar applied at 5%resulted in the greatest reduction of soil bioavailable Cd and Zn.Above-ground biomass yields were greatest with beef cattle manure biochar applied at 2.5%with 5%compost,or with 5%biochar at 2.5%and 5%compost rates.Maximal microbial biomass was achieved with 5%poultry litter biochar and 5%compost,and microbial communities in soils amended with poultry litter biochar distinctly clustered away from all other soil treatments.Additionally,poultry litter biochar amended soils had the highest enzyme activity rates forβ-glucosidase,N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase,and esterase.These results suggest that soil reclamation using biochar and compost can improve mine-impacted soil biogeophysical characteristics,and potentially improve future remediation efforts.

Urease activity and nitrogen dynamics in highly weathered soils with designer biochars under corn cultivation

The application of designer biochar has the potential to impact soil enzyme activity and soil nitrogen dynamics.However,very little is known about the mechanisms responsible for biochar-enzyme-nitrogen interaction in highly weathered soils.The objective of our 3-year(2016-2018)field experiment was to evaluate the effectiveness of designer biochars(DB)in enhancing urease activity(UA),total nitrogen(TN),total inorganic nitrogen(TIN),and nitrogen uptake(NU)at different growth stages(GS)of corn in a highly weathered soil of southeastern Coastal Plain region,USA.Experimental treatments have consisted of the control,100%pine chips(100PC),100%poultry litter(100PL),2:1 blend of PC and PL(PCPL),100%raw switchgrass(Panicum vaginatum,L;100RSG),and 2:1 blend of PC and RSG(PCRSG).All the designer biochar treatments were applied at the rate of 30,000 kg ha^(−1)to a Goldsboro loamy sand in 2016.Urease activity,TN,TIN,and NU varied remarkably with DB(p≤0.0001)at different GS(p≤0.0001)of corn.Soils treated with 100PL had the greatest UA(28.18μg N g^(−1)h^(−1)),TN(0.087%),and TIN(14.53 mg kg^(−1))while the least UA,TN,and TIN of 20.55μg N g^(−1)h^(−1),0.063%,and 5.42 mg kg^(−1),respectively,were observed from the control.The three-year TN average increase over the control was in the order:100PL(36.8%)>100RSG(25.8%)>PCRSG(25.3%)>PCPL(23.9%)>100PC(7.1%).The greatest NU of corn of 140.4 kg N ha^(−1)was from soils treated with 100PL while the least amount of NU was from 100PC.Overall,our results showed promising significance for the treatment of highly weathered soils since the application of DB did enhance UA and improve TN and TIN in the soils.