We developed a Global Ocean Circulation and Tide Model （GOCTM） with coarse grids in the open deep ocean degrading ‘smoothly’ into the highly resolved China Seas （CS） of refined grids to study the tides and circu...We developed a Global Ocean Circulation and Tide Model （GOCTM） with coarse grids in the open deep ocean degrading ‘smoothly’ into the highly resolved China Seas （CS） of refined grids to study the tides and circulation there.GOCTM is based on the framework of the Finite Volume approach for better mass conservation through improved transports across the discrete individual control volume.It also takes a full advantage of the geometric flexibility of unstructured mesh using a realistic global topography including the Arctic Ocean.The CS are given a special focus by refining the unstructured grids,but they are embedded into global domain naturally.Furthermore,GOCTM not only successfully avoids the treatment of the open boundaries,but also optimizes the trade-off between computational cost and model accuracy.Meanwhile,GOCTM is driven by the astronomical tide-generating potential and the secondary tide-generating potential directly,together with the wind stress and heat flux.GOCTM succeeds in reproducing the global eight principal tidal harmonic constants.Particularly,the simulated tidal results in the CS are improved compared to some other regional models with the discrepancy of 3.9 cm for M 2 tide.This idea of GOCTM can also be referred for other regional ocean study.展开更多
Organophosphate esters(OPEs)have become one group of chemicals with emerging concern in the marine environment.In this work,we investigated OPEs in the air and seawater of the South China Sea in summer 2019.The concen...Organophosphate esters(OPEs)have become one group of chemicals with emerging concern in the marine environment.In this work,we investigated OPEs in the air and seawater of the South China Sea in summer 2019.The concentrations of∑_(10)OPEs in the atmosphere ranged from 66 to 550 pg/m^(3),with TCIPP,TNBP,TPhP,and TEP predominating in the air.The total dissolved OPE concentrations(∑_(10)OPEs without TEP)measured in high-volume water samples ranged from 300 to 3600 pg/L,with a mean concentration of 1180±910 pg/L.TEP was measured with liquid−liquid extraction(LLE),and it showed the highest concentration(average 2000±1450 pg/L)among the selected OPEs.Total suspended matter associated OPEs accounted for less than 4.7%of the sum of OPE concentrations in seawater.Fugacity fractions and air−sea exchange fluxes showed that TCEP,TCIPP,TIBP,TEHP,TPhP,and EHDPP were favored to volatilize,TEP dominated the deposition,while TPrP and TNBP varied between volatilization and deposition.Atmospheric particle deposition fluxes ranged from 5 to 71 ng/m^(2)/day with an average of 17±15 ng/m^(2)/day.The input of∑OPEs to the entire South China Sea via atmospheric particle deposition was estimated to be 22±19 tons/year,while the net air−sea exchange fluxes of OPEs were volatilization from seawater to air with an average of 44±33 tons/year.This work suggests that air−sea exchange and atmospheric particle deposition are significant processes interfering with the transport of OPEs in the marine environment.展开更多
基金The Hi-tech Research and Development Program (863) of China under contract No.2007AA09Z117the National Key Technology R&D Program under contract No.2011BAC03B02+1 种基金the National Natural Science Fund of China under contract No.40976001the National Marine Renewable Energy Program under contract Nos GHME2010ZC08,No.GHME 2010ZC11 and No.GHME2010ZC01
文摘We developed a Global Ocean Circulation and Tide Model （GOCTM） with coarse grids in the open deep ocean degrading ‘smoothly’ into the highly resolved China Seas （CS） of refined grids to study the tides and circulation there.GOCTM is based on the framework of the Finite Volume approach for better mass conservation through improved transports across the discrete individual control volume.It also takes a full advantage of the geometric flexibility of unstructured mesh using a realistic global topography including the Arctic Ocean.The CS are given a special focus by refining the unstructured grids,but they are embedded into global domain naturally.Furthermore,GOCTM not only successfully avoids the treatment of the open boundaries,but also optimizes the trade-off between computational cost and model accuracy.Meanwhile,GOCTM is driven by the astronomical tide-generating potential and the secondary tide-generating potential directly,together with the wind stress and heat flux.GOCTM succeeds in reproducing the global eight principal tidal harmonic constants.Particularly,the simulated tidal results in the CS are improved compared to some other regional models with the discrepancy of 3.9 cm for M 2 tide.This idea of GOCTM can also be referred for other regional ocean study.
基金supported by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research of Germany(03F0786C and 03G0269)the Hainan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(No.422CXTD533)+1 种基金L.M.gratefully acknowledges the China Scholarship Council for financial support.Funding for the cruise was received by J.J.W.(03G0269)the Federal Ministry of Education and Research of Germany.
文摘Organophosphate esters(OPEs)have become one group of chemicals with emerging concern in the marine environment.In this work,we investigated OPEs in the air and seawater of the South China Sea in summer 2019.The concentrations of∑_(10)OPEs in the atmosphere ranged from 66 to 550 pg/m^(3),with TCIPP,TNBP,TPhP,and TEP predominating in the air.The total dissolved OPE concentrations(∑_(10)OPEs without TEP)measured in high-volume water samples ranged from 300 to 3600 pg/L,with a mean concentration of 1180±910 pg/L.TEP was measured with liquid−liquid extraction(LLE),and it showed the highest concentration(average 2000±1450 pg/L)among the selected OPEs.Total suspended matter associated OPEs accounted for less than 4.7%of the sum of OPE concentrations in seawater.Fugacity fractions and air−sea exchange fluxes showed that TCEP,TCIPP,TIBP,TEHP,TPhP,and EHDPP were favored to volatilize,TEP dominated the deposition,while TPrP and TNBP varied between volatilization and deposition.Atmospheric particle deposition fluxes ranged from 5 to 71 ng/m^(2)/day with an average of 17±15 ng/m^(2)/day.The input of∑OPEs to the entire South China Sea via atmospheric particle deposition was estimated to be 22±19 tons/year,while the net air−sea exchange fluxes of OPEs were volatilization from seawater to air with an average of 44±33 tons/year.This work suggests that air−sea exchange and atmospheric particle deposition are significant processes interfering with the transport of OPEs in the marine environment.
