Insight into the change in carbon structure and thermodynamics during anthracite transformation into graphite

The thermodynamic and kinetic mechanisms of Taixi anthracite during its graphitization process were explored.To understand the variation trends of carbon arrangement order,microcrystal size,and graphitization degree against temperature during the graphitization process,a series of experiments were performed using Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction(XRD).Subsequently,the influencing factors of the dominant reaction at different temperatures were analyzed using thermodynamics and kinetics.The results showed that the graphitization process of Taixi anthracite can be divided into three stages from the perspective of reaction thermodynamics and kinetics.Temperature played a crucial role in the formation and growth of a graphitic structure.Meanwhile,multivariate mechanisms coexisted in the graphitization process.At ultrahigh temperatures,the defects of synthetic graphite could not be completely eliminated and perfect graphite crystals could not be produced.At low temperatures,the reaction is mainly controlled by dynamics,while at high temperatures,thermodynamics dominates the direction of the reaction.

Study of family environmental factor on only-children’s personality

Objective: To analyze the impact of family environment on only-children’s personality. Methods: Using cross-sectional design to recruit only-children aged 6 - 16 years old;using EPQ to evaluate the children’s personality. The general questionnaire, PSDQ (Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire), FAD-GFS (The General Functioning Scale of MacMaster family activity device), SLE(Stressful Life Events), FSQ (Family Stresses Questionnaire), FLQ (Family Life Questionnaire), EFQ (Everyday Feelings Questionnaire) were used to collect information about family environment from parents. Results: In only-child family, standardized regression equations of family environment influence on children personality include: 1) EPQ-p = 0.087 × SLE + 0.207 × father autocratic parenting + 0.131 × education of father + 0.110 × family type - 0.110 × role of discipline - 0.080 × parental attitude + 0.087 × family adaptability;2) EPQ-e = 0.105 × EFQ- 0.088 × SLE - 0.101 × family income;3) EPQ-n = 0.143 × SLE - 0.090 × family cohesion + 0.089 × family income + 0.117 × the orderly’s attitude - 0.138 × the child’s role experience of FLQ - 0.101 × parents shaping the behavior of children of FLQ and 4) EPQ - l = -0.136× SLE - 0.093 × relationship between parents - 0.155 × attitude of the old. Conclusion: It is important for children to develop personality normally if the father doesn’t choose autocratic parent style. Children tend to be optimistic if the parent can feel happy. The stressful life events are a double-blade sword depending on the parent’s handling. The difference of the parenting style can influence the lie-personality of children.

Reliability criterion of film capacitor based on moisture diffusion in encapsulation

The current reliability criterion(RC)of the film capacitor(FC)is usually a fixed value,which does not consider the staged capacitance loss caused by moisture diffusion under high temperature and/or high humidity.The expected lifetime of capacitors would deviate far from the actual one.The moisture diffusion process of the encapsulated FC is ana-lysed based on Fick's second law.In order to investigate the capacitance loss and moisture diffusion characteristics,4 types of film capacitors are stressed with AC voltage under different temperatures and humidities.Based on the staged analysis of the capacitance and weight gain curves,the effect of moisture diffusion on capacitance loss is revealed.Results indicate that the linear stage of capacitance loss corresponds to the Fickian moisture diffusion stage of weight gain.The effect of voltage on FC aging is the most significant.The capacitance loss rate increases by 301%when the voltage rises by 30%.An RC calculation method of the FC is further proposed,which could also screen the encap-sulation quality and shorten the aging test duration by at least 80%.

Potential unreliability of ALK variant allele frequency in the efficacy prediction of targeted therapy in NSCLC

Anaplastic lymphoma kinase(ALK)is the most common fusion gene involved in non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC),and remarkable response has been achieved with the use of ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitors(ALK-TKIs).However,the clinical efficacy is highly variable.Pre-existing intratumoral heterogeneity(ITH)has been proven to contribute to the poor treatment response and the resistance to targeted therapies.In this work,we investigated whether the variant allele frequencies(VAFs)of ALK fusions can help assess ITH and predict targeted therapy efficacy.Through the application of next-generation sequencing(NGS),7.2%(326/4548)of patients were detected to be ALK positive.On the basis of the adjusted VAF(adjVAF,VAF normalization for tumor purity)of four different threshold values(adjVAF<50%,40%,30%,or 20%),the association of ALK subclonality with crizotinib efficacy was assessed.Nonetheless,no statistical association was observed between median progression-free survival(PFS)and ALK subclonality assessed by adjVAF,and a poor correlation of adjVAF with PFS was found among the 85 patients who received first-line crizotinib.Results suggest that the ALK VAF determined by hybrid capture-based NGS is probably unreliable for ITH assessment and targeted therapy efficacy prediction in NSCLC.

Effects of swirl and hot streak on thermal performances of a high-pressure turbine

Advanced civil aero-engines tend to adopt lean burn combustors to meet emission requirements.The exit of a lean burn combustor experiences highly non-uniformities in both temperature(Hot Streak,HS)and flow(swirl).This paper presents a numerical investigation on the behaviors of a High-Pressure(HP)turbine under a combined effect of swirl and hot streak.The investigation was conducted on a GE-E3 HP turbine with unsteady numerical simulations,which considered the realistic clocking position of the HP Nozzle Guide Vane(NGV)relative to the combustor.The influences of swirl orientations on the HS migration and thermal performances on the blade surface were examined.Results indicate that,inside the NGV passage,the swirl’s induced incidence angle effect dominates the HS radial migration.The transversal movement of HS follows the cross flow and thus makes itself approach the Suction Side(SS)and keep away from the Pressure Side(PS)as passing through the NGV,so that HS near the SS is more influenced by the incidence angle effect than that near the PS.As for the heat transfer,swirl affects the Heat Transfer Coefficient(HTC)on the NGV’s PS and SS mainly through the incidence angle effect.Different from the NGV,the inlet swirl and HS have limited effect on the HTC on the rotor blade’s PS,while on the rotor blade’s SS,the original vortex system dominates;therefore,the inlet non-uniformities merely enhance the HTC on the SS rather than alter its distribution characteristics.

Mass spectrometry imaging and single-cell transcriptional profiling reveal the tissue-specific regulation of bioactive ingredient biosynthesis in Taxus leaves

Taxus leaves provide the raw industrial materials for taxol,a natural antineoplastic drug widely used in the treatment of various cancers.However,the precise distribution,biosynthesis,and transcriptional regulation of taxoids and other active components in Taxus leaves remain unknown.Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization–mass spectrometry imaging analysis was used to visualize various secondary metabolites in leaf sections of Taxus mairei,confirming the tissue-specific accumulation of different active metabolites.Single-cell sequencing was used to produce expression profiles of 8846 cells,with a median of 2352 genes per cell.Based on a series of cluster-specific markers,cells were grouped into 15 clusters,suggesting a high degree of cell heterogeneity in T.mairei leaves.Our data were used to create the first Taxus leaf metabolic single-cell atlas and to reveal spatial and temporal expression patterns of several secondary metabolic pathways.According to the cell-type annotation,most taxol biosynthesis genes are expressed mainly in leaf mesophyll cells;phenolic acid and flavonoid biosynthesis genes are highly expressed in leaf epidermal cells(including the stomatal complex and guard cells);and terpenoid and steroid biosynthesis genes are expressed specifically in leaf mesophyll cells.A number of novel and cell-specific transcription factors involved in secondary metabolite biosynthesis were identified,including MYB17,WRKY12,WRKY31,ERF13,GT_2,and bHLH46.Our research establishes the transcriptional landscape of major cell types in T.mairei leaves at a single-cell resolution and provides valuable resources for studying the basic principles of cell-type-specific regulation of secondary metabolism.

Energy beam-based direct and assisted polishing techniques for diamond:A review

Diamond is a highly valuable material with diverse industrial applications,particularly in the fields of semiconductor,optics,and high-power electronics.However,its high hardness and chemical stability make it difficult to realize high-efficiency and ultra-low damage machining of diamond.To address these challenges,several polishing methods have been developed for both single crystal diamond(SCD)and polycrystalline diamond(PCD),including mechanical,chemical,laser,and ion beam processing methods.In this review,the characteristics and application scope of various polishing technologies for SCD and PCD are highlighted.Specifically,various energy beam-based direct and assisted polishing technologies,such as laser polishing,ion beam polishing,plasma-assisted polishing,and laser-assisted polishing,are summarized.The current research progress,material removal mechanism,and infuencing factors of each polishing technology are analyzed.Although some of these methods can achieve high material removal rates or reduce surface roughness,no single method can meet all the requirements.Finally,the future development prospects and application directions of different polishing technologies are presented.

典型高分子纤维发展回顾与未来展望

高分子纤维作为发展国民经济的基础材料、国防军工的战略材料、新兴产业的前沿材料,其产品内涵与应用领域正在不断拓展.本文首先简要介绍了国内外高分子纤维材料的发展简史,其依次经历了天然纤维、人造纤维、合成纤维(差别化、功能化、高性能等纤维)等发展阶段.其次,结合本课题组相关工作重点阐述了通用型聚酯纤维、高性能聚苯硫醚纤维以及生物质聚乳酸纤维等典型高分子纤维材料的研究进展,包括发展历程、制备方法、性能优化、应用领域等内容.最后,展望了高分子纤维材料的发展趋势,我们认为基于材料、信息、生物、机械等学科交叉融合与技术突破,具有多材料、多结构、多功能的绿色、超性能、智能纤维材料将成为未来发展方向.

新热成像方法评估膝骨关节炎全膝关节置换术前皮肤温度

目的本研究目的是对比一期全膝关节置换术(TKA)前患侧膝关节与对侧膝关节的皮肤温度差异,构建在一期全膝关节术前的膝关节皮肤温度模式,改善现有的热成像筛查方法,寻找膝骨关节炎(OA)的辅助评估方法。方法本研究排除术前评定资料不完整及已经手术治疗的OA患者,纳入满足OA诊断标准的初次发病患者31例,均在行一期关节置换术前1 d使用红外热成像仪测量膝关节OA患者的膝关节皮肤温度,记录术前膝关节正面与侧面皮温数据,采用膝关节正面九区侧面六区分区和K-L影像学分级矫正温差的处理方法,进行患侧和对侧皮温对比,计算温差并分析。符合正态分布的数据采用配对t检验,不符合正态分布的数据,采用秩和检验。结果正面观中患侧与对侧平均温度比较在髌骨内侧区、髌骨中央区、髌骨内下区、髌骨下区平均温度比较差异有明显统计学意义(t=2. 992、4. 188、4. 624、4. 127,P <0. 01),髌骨内下区为平均温度差异最大区域;外侧面平均温度比较差异均无统计学意义;内侧面中央膝侧区、远端膝侧区平均温差均为患侧高于健侧有明显统计学意义(t=1. 867、0. 887,P <0. 05),其中平均温差最大区域为远端膝侧区;在正面观中皮温> 31℃、32℃、33℃、34℃、35℃的温度区间内,患侧温度区间所占百分比高于对侧有明显统计学意义(t=3. 097、4. 231、4. 621、4. 574,Z=3. 774; P <0. 01);皮温> 30℃的温度区间内,患侧温度区间所占百分比高于对侧有统计学意义(t=2. 311,P <0. 05);而内侧面观和外侧面观中所有节点的患侧和对侧在28℃～36℃区间内节点以上温度区间的所占面积百分比差异均无统计学意义。结论膝关节OA患者患侧膝关节皮温较对侧明显增高,膝盖内下区域为平均温差最大区域,膝关节温度面积分布以正面差异明显,以33℃为节点时,节点以上温度区间面积比的差值最大,可能为以后膝关节OA术前的评估与诊断提供一个新的思路;新型热成像技术是适用于膝关节OA术前辅助评估的新方法。

Characterization and biodegradation kinetics of a new cold-adapted carbamazepine-degrading bacterium, Pseudomonas sp. CBZ-4

Carbamazepine is frequently detected in waters and hardly eliminated during conventional wastewater treatment processes due to its complicated chemical structure and resistance to biodegradation. A carbamazepine-degrading bacterium named CBZ-4 was isolated at a low temperature （10℃） from activated sludge in a municipal wastewater treatment plant. Strain CBZ-4, which can use carbamazepine as its sole source of carbon and energy, was identified as Pseudomonas sp. by the 16S rRNA gene sequence. The composition and percentage of fatty acids, which can reveal the cold-adaptation mechanism of strain CBZ-4, were determined. Strain CBZ-4 can effectively degrade carbamazepine at optimal conditions： pH 7.0, 10℃, 150 r/min rotation speed, and 13% inoculation volume. The average removal rate of carbamazepine was 46.6% after 144 hr of incubation. The biodegradation kinetics of carbamazepine by CBZ-4 was fitted via the Monod model. Vmax and Ks were found to be 0.0094 hr^-1 and 32.5 mg/L, respectively.

Metamorphism and Oceanic Crust Exhumation——Constrained by the Jilang Eclogite and Meta-Quartzite from the Sumdo (U) HP Metamorphic Belt

The Sumdo eclogite-bearing (U)HP metamorphic belt extends over 100 km across the middle part of the Lhasa terrane in southern Tibet, which forms a Permian-Triassic oceanic subduction zone between the south and the north Lhasa sub-terranes, leading to the reinterpretation of the tectonic evolution of the Lhasa terrane in the Tibetan-Himalayan orogeny. Previous studies show that there are significant differences in temperature and pressure conditions of the eclogites in four areas, e.g., Sumdo, Xindaduo, Bailang and Jilang areas. Studying the peak metamorphic P-T conditions and path of eclogite in the Sumdo belt is of great significance to reveal the subduction and exhumation mechanism of Paleo-Tethys Ocean in the Lhasa terrane. In this contribution, eclogite in the Jilang area of the Sumdo belt is chosen as an example to study its metamorphic evolution. The mineral assemblage of the eclogite is garnet, omphacite, phengite, hornblende, epidote, quartz and minor biotite. Garnet has a “dirty" core with abundant inclusions such as epidote, amphibole, plagioclase and a “clear" rim with few inclusions of omphacite and phengite.From the core to the rim, pyrope content in garnet increases while grossular content decreases, showing typical growth zoning. The rim of garnet is wrapped by the pargasite+plagioclase corona, showing amphibolite facies overprint during retrogression. Three stages of metamorphism are inferred as (1) prograde stage, represented by the core of garnet and mineral inclusions therein;(2) peak stage, represented by the garnet rim, omphacite, lawsonite, phengite, and quartz;(3) retrograde stage characterized by decomposition of lawsonite to zoisite, followed by symplectite of omphacite and corona rimmed garnet. A P-T pseudosection contoured with isopleths of grossular and pyrope contents in garnet is used to constrain the near peak P-T condition at 2.85 GPa, 575 °C. In general, the Jilang eclogite shows a clockwise P-T path with a near isothermal decompression process during exhumation. Combined with the age peaks of 583, 911, and 1 134 Ma from the detrital zircons of the country metaquartzite, a continental margin material involving exhumation process at shallow depth after the subduction channel exhumation is inferred for the Jilang eclogite and may further indicate that the subduction direction of the Sumdo eclogite belt is from north to south.

Improvement of nitrification efficiency by bioaugmentation in sequencing batch reactors at low temperature

Bioaugmentation 是在在低温度定序批反应堆(SBR ) 与高氨集中对待市政的废水的一个有效方法(10 ?????????????? 楢慯杵敭瑮瑡潩吗？？

Preface: Introduction of IGCP 649 Project——Diamonds and Recycled Mantle

This special issue is attributed to the IGCP-649 Project. The IGCP-649 Project “Diamonds and Recycled Mantle” is an International Geosciences Program sponsored by UNESCO (the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) and IUGS (International Union of Geological Sciences), is a global research project, aimed to carry out extensive and systematic research on peridotites, chromitites and related ma-terials such as diamond, moissanite and other unusual minerals, from different ophiolites in global orogenic belts, in order to understand the formation and origin of deep-mantle minerals in oceanic lithosphere, the origin of carbon for the ophiolitehosted diamonds, the evolution of Earth's mantle and the dy-namic process of ophiolite emplacement.

Evaluation and application of an efficient plant DNA extraction protocol for laboratory and field testing

Nucleic acids in plant tissue lysates can be captured quickly by a cellulose filter paper and prepared for amplification after a quick purification.In this study,a published filter paper strip method was modified by sticking the filter paper on a polyvinyl chloride resin(PVC)sheet.This modified method is named EZ-D,for EASY DNA extraction.Compared with the original cetyl trimethylammonium bromide(CTAB)method,DNA extracted by EZ-D is more efficient in polymerase chain reaction(PCR)amplification due to the more stable performance of the EZ-D stick.The EZ-D method is also faster,easier,and cheaper.PCR analyses showed that DNA extracted from several types of plant tissues by EZ-D was appropriate for specific identification of biological samples.A regular PCR reaction can detect the EZ-D-extracted DNA template at concentration as low as 0.1 ng/μL.Evaluation of the EZ-D showed that DNA extracts could be successfully amplified by PCR reaction for DNA fragments up to 3000 bp in length and up to 80%in GC content.EZ-D was successfully used for DNA extraction from a variety of plant species and plant tissues.Moreover,when EZ-D was combined with the loop-mediated isothermal amplification(LAMP)method,DNA identification of biological samples could be achieved without the need for specialized equipment.As an optimized DNA purification method,EZ-D shows great advantages in application and can be used widely in laboratories where equipment is limited and rapid results are required.

Programmable endonuclease combined with isothermal polymerase amplification to selectively enrich for rare mutant allele fractions

Liquid biopsy is a highly promising method for non-invasive detection of tumor-associated nucleic acid fragments in body fluids but is challenged by the low abundance of nucleic acids of clinical interest and their sequence homology with the vast background of nucleic acids from healthy cells.Recently,programmable endonucleases such as clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats(CRISPR)associated protein(Cas)and prokaryotic Argonautes have been successfully used to remove background nucleic acids and enrich mutant allele fractions,enabling their detection with deep next generation sequencing(NGS).However,the enrichment level achievable with these assays is limited by futile binding events and off-target cleavage.To overcome these shortcomings,we conceived a new assay(Programmable Enzyme-Assisted Selective Exponential Amplification,PASEA)that combines the cleavage of wild type alleles with concurrent polymerase amplification.While PASEA increases the numbers of both wild type and mutant alleles,the numbers of mutant alleles increase at much greater rates,allowing PASEA to achieve an unprecedented level of selective enrichment of targeted alleles.By combining CRISPR-Cas9 based cleavage with recombinase polymerase amplification,we converted samples with0.01%somatic mutant allele fractions(MAFs)to products with 70%MAFs in a single step within 20 min,enabling inexpensive,rapid genotyping with such as Sanger sequencers.Furthermore,PASEA's extraordinary efficiency facilitates sensitive real-time detection of somatic mutant alleles at the point of care with custom designed Exo-RPA probes.Real-time PASEA'performance was proved equivalent to clinical amplification refractory mutation system(ARMS)-PCR and NGS when testing over hundred cancer patients'samples.This strategy has the potential to reduce the cost and time of cancer screening and genotyping,and to enable targeted therapies in resource-limited settings.

Quantum corrections to the entropy in a driven quantum Brownian motion model

The quantum Brownian motion model is a typical model in the study of nonequilibrium quantum thermodynamics.Entropy is one of the most fundamental physical concepts in thermodynamics.In this work,by solving the quantum Langevin equation,we study the von Neumann entropy of a particle undergoing quantum Brownian motion.We obtain the analytical expression of the time evolution of the Wigner function in terms of the initial Wigner function.The result is applied to the thermodynamic equilibrium initial state,which reproduces its classical counterpart in the high temperature limit.Based on these results,for those initial states having well-defined classical counterparts,we obtain the explicit expression of the quantum corrections to the entropy in the weak coupling limit.Moreover,we find that for the thermodynamic equilibrium initial state,all terms odd inÿ are exactly zero.Our results bring important insights to the understanding of entropy in open quantum systems.

Bi-Fo time scaling method in the numerical simulation of transient conjugate heat transfer

Reliable transient thermal analysis plays a very important role in the engine safety analysis.Transient conjugate heat transfer simulation is an important way of temperature analysis.But there exists a great disparity in the time scales between solid conduction and fluid convection.The calculation cost of transient conjugate heat transfer analysis is very huge because of the tiny time step of computational fluid dynamics.The Bi-Fo time scaling method is proposed to improve the computational efficiency of transient conjugate heat transfer.On the one hand,this method carries out a similar transformation on solid heat conduction,scaling the calculation time with the product of density and specific heat capacity to maintain the consistency of Fourier number.On the other hand,it takes very short time for the fluid domain to recover stability after a boundary disturbance.Based on the above characteristic,the flow time is directly compressed to the same as that of the solid domain.It is verified by Mark II vane that increasing the solid thermal diffusivity can reduce the time scale of heat conduction.In the situation of rapidly stable flow field,scaling flow time does not affect the solid thermal boundary under corresponding dimensionless time.Within the application scope,the Bi-Fo time scaling method can greatly reduce the time cost of transient conjugate heat transfer simulation while maintaining the accuracy of transient temperature analysis.

FexC enhancing the catalytic activity of FeNx in oxidative dehydration of N-heterocycles

To enhance the catalytic activity by designing metal particles combined with atomically dispersed non-noble metal catalyst is a huge challenge,which yet has not been studied widely in organic reactions.Herein,we describe a simple and efficient method to synthesize FexC combined with Fe single atoms anchored on the Ndoped porous carbon by regulating pyrolysis temperature.Aberration-corrected high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy(HAADF-STEM)and extended X-ray absorption fine structure(EXAFS)spectroscopy corroborate the existence of atomically dispersed Fe and the coordination number between Fe and N atoms.The Fe-N-C-800 catalyst exhibits the highest catalytic activity giving the 97%yield of quinoline in dehydration of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline(THQ)reaction at a mild condition(60C,O_(2)balloon),and it shows good stability with 80%isolated yield after five consecutive dehydration reactions.Moreover,density functional theory(DFT)calculations reveal that coexistence of Fe_(x)C and FeN_(x)structure exhibits high activity owing to the lowest adsorption energy of co-adsorbed O_(2)and THQ and the longest N-H bond length of THQ,that is because the existence of FexC induces the charges transfer.Our work may open a new route to design metal particles combined with atomically dispersed non-noble metal catalysts with high activity in organic synthesis.