Distribution and Formation Causes of PM_(2.5) and O_(3) Double High Pollution Events in China during 2013–20

Fine particulate matter(PM_(2.5))and ozone(O_(3))double high pollution(DHP)events have occurred frequently over China in recent years,but their causes are not completely clear.In this study,the spatiotemporal distribution of DHP events in China during 2013–20 is analyzed.The synoptic types affecting DHP events are identified with the Lamb–Jenkinson circulation classification method.The meteorological and chemical causes of DHP events controlled by the main synoptic types are further investigated.Results show that DHP events(1655 in total for China during 2013–20)mainly occur over the North China Plain,Yangtze River Delta,Pearl River Delta,Sichuan Basin,and Central China.The occurrence frequency increases by 5.1%during 2013–15,and then decreases by 56.1%during 2015–20.The main circulation types of DHP events are“cyclone”and“anticyclone”,accounting for over 40%of all DHP events over five main polluted regions in China,followed by southerly or easterly flat airflow types,like“southeast”,“southwest”,and“east”.Compared with non-DHP events,DHP events are characterized by static or weak wind,high temperature(20.9℃ versus 23.1℃)and low humidity(70.0%versus 64.9%).The diurnal cycles of meteorological conditions cause PM_(2.5)(0300–1200 LST,Local Standard Time=UTC+8 hours)and O_(3)(1500–2100 LST)to exceed the national standards at different periods of the DHP day.Three pollutant conversion indices further indicate the rapid secondary conversions during DHP events,and thus the concentrations of NO_(2),SO_(2) and volatile organic compounds decrease by 13.1%,4.7%and 4.4%,respectively.The results of this study can be informative for future decisions on the management of DHP events.

中国各省区近10年遥感气溶胶光学厚度和变化

用2000—2009年MODIS大气气溶胶光学厚度(AOD))资料,分析中国29个省(区、市)AOD多年平均值和年际间变化趋势。中国10年平均AOD高值区主要集中在华北、华中、华南和新疆,低值区主要在青藏高原、西北(除新疆外)、东北和西南地区。中国有13个省(市、区)多年平均AOD超过0.4。最高为0.735(江苏)。只有西藏和黑龙江的AOD小于0.2,其余15个省区市的AOD在0.2至0.3之间。除新疆外,中国的AOD高值区全部集中在工业发达和人口密集的地区。中国年际间AOD的变化为上升趋势。近10 a来AOD增长的倾向率为0.019/10a,即增加了4.3%。其中在2000—2007年间的上升最为明显,在2007年达到近10 a来的最高峰(0.437 6),2008年以后中国的AOD开始出现下降趋势,2009年达到近10 a来最低值(0.372 0)。有17个省区市AOD气候学变化倾向率为正值,变化的范围为0.006~0.099/10a。有12个为负值,变化的范围为-0.037^-0.003/10a。出现AOD增加和减少趋势的区域两极分化,即高排放地区继续增加,低排放地区持续减少。

云贵高原1961-2006年大气能见度和消光因素变化趋势及原因

根据云贵高原203个气象台站1961—2006年大气能见度、降水、相对湿度、风速和天气现象等观测资料,采用倾向率方法对能见度和大气消光系数的变化趋势进行了分析。还应用Mann-Kendall方法对>19km能见度、霾日数和消光系数的多年变化进行了气候突变检验。结果表明,有84.2%台站出现了能见度减少趋势。减少最多为-11km·10a-1,最少为-1km·10a-1。减少的平均气候倾向率在1961—1979年为0.96km·10a-1,1980—2006年为1.6km·10a-1,高原平均能见度从60年代的约34km下降到目前的约27km。另一方面,有15.8%台站能见度有增加趋势,且多集中在人类活动较为稀少的高海拔山区。有71%的台站>19km能见度频率出现减少的趋势,平均倾向率为-2%·10a-1,主要出现在高原东部和中部人口和工业稠密区。该地区同时也出现霾日增加的现象。Mann-Kendall检测结果表明,>19km能见度频率减少和霾日数增加现象出现突变的时间相同。年平均消光系数发生突变的时间稍推后。认为能见度下降、消光因素增加的原因与人为排放污染物浓度增加有密切关系。

Trends in sunshine duration and atmospheric visibility in the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau,1961-2005

Using the observed data from 184 stations over the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau （YGP） from 1961 to 2005, the long-term trends in sunshine duration, cloud amount, dry visibility （Vd）, dry extinction, and water vapor over the YGP are analyzed. The results show that 85% of the stations recorded shortening annual sunshine duration, with the decrease rates between -12.2 and -173.7 h/10yr. Results of Mann-Kendall tests indicate that, among the stations with decreasing sunshine duration, 63.7% of them experienced an abrupt change that started in the 1970s and peaked in the 1980s. This decreasing trend has reversed in the early years of the 21st century. The cloud cover and water vapor content in the mid and lower levels over the YGP had no obvious changes during the study period. The annual averages of Vd declined from 34 km in the 1960s to 27 km at present. The annual mean dry extinction coefficient trended upward, from 0.176 to 0.190, on the YGP from 1980 to 2005. Analyses of cloud cover, water vapor, atmospheric visibility, and dry extinction coefficient revealed that emitted tropospheric aerosols （including air pollutants） resulting from increased energy consumption over the YGP could be a major Factor influencing the reductions of sunshine duration and atmospheric visibility.

Effect of Docetaxel and Cisplatin Chemotherapy Combined with Intensitymodulated Radiotherapy in the Treatment of Postoperative Recurrence of Esophageal Cancer and Its Effect on Serum Tumor Markers

Objective: To investigate the effect of docetaxel and cisplatin combined with intensity-modulated radiotherapy in thetreatment of postoperative recurrence of esophageal cancer and the content of tumor markers in serum. Methods: According tosimple randomization method, 60 patients with postoperative recurrence of esophageal cancer admitted from February 2018 toSeptember 2019 were divided into control group (n = 30 cases) and observation group (n = 30 cases). All patients received IMRT.Fluorouracil + cisplatin was used in the control group and docetaxel + cisplatin was used in the observation group. After 2 coursesof continuous treatment, the therapeutic effect, serum tumor marker content and adverse reactions were compared between thetwo groups. Results: After treatment, the effective rate of observation group was higher than control group, and the difference wasstatistically significant (P < 0.05).The contents of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCC) andcarbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) in observation group were lower than those in control group, and the difference was statisticallysignificant (P < 0.05). The incidence of adverse reactions in the observation group was lower than that in the control group, and thedifference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Docetaxel and cisplatin combined with intensemodulated radiotherapyfor postoperative recurrence of esophageal cancer can improve the therapeutic effect, inhibit the malignant degree of tumor, andreduce the incidence of adverse reactions.

Modeling study on the roles of the deposition and transport of PM_(2.5) in air quality changes over central-eastern China

The role of PM_(2.5)(particles with aerodynamic diameters≤_(2.5)μm)deposition in air quality changes over China remains unclear.By using the three-year(2013,2015,and 2017)simulation results of the WRF/CUACE v1.0 model from a previous work(Zhang et al.,2021),a non-linear relationship between the deposition of PM_(2.5)and anthropogenic emissions over central-eastern China in cold seasons as well as in different life stages of haze events was unraveled.PM_(2.5)deposition is spatially distributed differently from PM_(2.5)concentrations and anthropogenic emissions over China.The North China Plain(NCP)is typically characterized by higher anthropogenic emissions compared to southern China,such as the middlelow reaches of Yangtze River(MLYR),which includes parts of the Yangtze River Delta and the Midwest.However,PM_(2.5)deposition in the NCP is significantly lower than that in the MLYR region,suggesting that in addition to meteorology and emissions,lower deposition is another important factor in the increase in haze levels.Regional transport of pollution in central-eastern China acts as a moderator of pollution levels in different regions,for example by bringing pollution from the NCP to the MLYR region in cold seasons.It was found that in typical haze events the deposition flux of PM_(2.5)during the removal stages is substantially higher than that in accumulation stages,with most of the PM_(2.5)being transported southward and deposited to the MLYR and Sichuan Basin region,corresponding to a latitude range of about 24°N-31°N.

Effect of molybdenum content on the microstructure and corrosion behavior of FeCoCrNiMox high-entropy alloys

The effect of Mo content on the microstructure revolution and corrosion behavior of cast FeCoCrNiMox high-entropy alloys in chloride environments were investigated.Results indicate that FeCoCrNi and FeCoCrNiMo0.1 alloys are in single FCC solid solution.The precipitates form in FeCoCrNiMo0.3 and increase in FeCoCrNiMo0.6 alloys.Pitting occurs on FeCoCrNi and FeCoCrNiMo0.1 alloys while FeCoCrNiMo0.3 and FeCoCrNiMo0.6 alloys suffer from preferential localized corrosion at the regions depleted in Cr and Mo.The higher Cr2O3/Cr(OH)3 ratio and the incorporation of Mo oxides make the passive film more protective and the corrosion resistance of the FeCoCrNiMo0.1 alloy is thus enhanced.The correlation between microstructure and corrosion behavior and the corresponding corrosion mechanism were clarified.

Characterization of the aerosol chemical composition during the COVID-19 lockdown period in Suzhou in the Yangtze River Delta,China

To control the spread of COVID-19,rigorous restrictions have been implemented in China,resulting in a great reduction in pollutant emissions.In this study,we evaluated the air quality in the Yangtze River Delta during the COVID-19 lockdown period using satellite and ground-based data,including particle matter(PM),trace gases,water-soluble ions(WSIs) and black carbon(BC).We found that the impacts of lockdown policy on air quality cannot be accurately assessed using MODIS aerosol optical depth(AOD) data,whereas the tropospheric nitrogen dioxide(NO_(2)) vertical column density can well reflect the influences of these restrictions on human activities.Compared to the pre-COVID period,the PM_(2.5),PM_(10),NO_(2),carbon monoxide(CO),BC and WSIs during the lockdown in Suzhou were observed to decrease by 37.2%,38.3%,64.5%,26.1%,53.3% and 58.6%,respectively,while the sulfur dioxide(SO_(2)) and ozone(O_(3)) increased by 1.5% and 104.7%.The WSIs ranked in the order of NO_(3)~->NH_(4)^(+)>SO_(4)^(2-)>Cl~->Ca^(2+)>K^(+)>Mg^(2+)>Na + during the lockdown period.By comparisons with the ion concentrations during the pre-COVID period,we found that the ions NO 3-,NH 4 +,SO_(4)^(2-),Cl~-,Ca^(2+),K^(+) and Na^(+) decreased by 66.3%,48.8%,52.9%,56.9%,57.9% and 76.3%,respectively,during the lockdown,in contrast to Mg^(2+),which increased by 30.2%.The lockdown policy was found to have great impacts on the diurnal variations of Cl~-,SO_(4)^(2-),Na^(+) and Ca^(2+).

Optical and Radiative Properties of Aerosols during a Severe Haze Episode over the North China Plain in December 2016

The optical and radiative properties of aerosols during a severe haze episode from 15 to 22 December 2016 over Beijing, Shijiazhuang, and Jiaozuo in the North China Plain were analyzed based on the ground-based and satellite data, meteorological observations, and atmospheric environmental monitoring data. The aerosol optical depth at 500 nm was 〈 0.30 and increased to 〉 1.4 as the haze pollution developed. The Angstr6m exponent was 〉 0.80 for most of the study period. The daily single-scattering albedo was 〉 0.85 over all of the North China Plain on the most polluted days and was 〉 0.97 on some particular days. The volumes of fine and coarse mode particles during the haze event were approximately 0.05-0.21 and 0.01-0.43 μm^3, respectively-that is, larger than those in the time without haze. The daily absorption aerosol optical depth was about 0.01-0.11 in Beijing, 0.01-0.13 in Shijiazhuang, and 0.01-0.04 in Jiaozuo, and the average absorption Angstrom exponent varied between 0.6 and 2.0. The aerosol radiative forcing at the bottom of the atmosphere varied from -23 to -227, -34 to -199, and -29 to -191 W m^-2 for the whole haze period, while the aerosol radiative forcing at the top of the atmosphere varied from -4 to -98, -10 to -51, and -21 to -143 W m^-2 in Beijing, Shijiazhuang, and Jiaozuo, respectively. Satellite observations showed that smoke, polluted dust, and polluted continental components of aerosols may aggravate air pollution during haze episodes. The analysis of the potential source contribution function and concentration-weighted trajectory showed that the contribu- tion from local emissions and pollutants transport from upstream areas were 190-450 and 100-410 btg m-3, respectively.

Recent Enhanced Deep Troposphere-to-Stratosphere Air Mass Transport Accompanying the Weakening Asian Monsoon

The Asian monsoon(AM) region is a well-known region with prevailing stratosphere–troposphere exchange(STE).However,how the STE across this region changes with the weakening AM remains unclear.Here,we particularly diagnose the air mass transport between the planetary boundary layer(PBL) and the stratosphere over the AM region during 1992–2017 using the Lagrangian particle dispersion model FLEXPART based on the ERA-Interim reanalysis data.The results show that both the downward and upward deep STEs exhibit a detectable increasing trend,while the latter,namely,the deep troposphere-to-stratosphere transport(DTST),is relatively more significant.Further analysis reveals that the long-term trend of DTST over the AM region could be partly attributed to changes in the Pacific Walker circulation and the air temperature(especially at upper levels).Additionally,it is found that DTST increases markedly over the tropical oceanic regions,while the increasing DTST into the stratosphere can be attributed to the enhanced air masses originated from the PBL over the terrestrial regions,where large amounts of pollutant emissions occur.The results imply that the influence of the DTST on the chemical composition and the climate of the stratosphere over the AM region is expected to become increasingly important,and is thereby of relevance to climate projection in an evolving climate.