大气颗粒物生物化学组分的促炎症效应研究进展

大气污染物暴露与呼吸系统疾病、心脑血管疾病、神经退化性疾病之间的关系,已被大量流行病学和基于动物、细胞的毒理学所确认.促炎症效应是污染物尤其是颗粒物影响健康的重要机制之一.然而,颗粒物通过何种过程引起炎症效应,哪些组分是促炎症效应的关键因子,依然不清楚.多环芳烃、重金属等化学组分对颗粒物促炎症效应的贡献已有大量报道.细菌、真菌、病毒、花粉等微生物及其碎片构成的生物气溶胶,基于其配体特征,在激活免疫系统引起炎症反应方面有独有的"优势".但由于对生物气溶胶进行在线监测分析有较大困难,导致缺乏对其种类、浓度等特征的全面了解,从而限制了对颗粒物中生物组分促炎症效应的认识.本文简单总结了大气颗粒物的促炎症效应,从炎症效应机制、不同组分的炎症效应及生物化学组分协同作用3个方面进行了归纳,并提出了开展大气污染健康效应研究的几点新的研究思路和方向建议.

Promoting effect of Zr on the catalytic combustion of methane over Pd/γ-Al2O3 catalyst

The effect of Zr on the catalytic performance of Pd/y-A1203 for the methane combustion was investigated. The results show that the addition of Zr can improve the activity and stability of Pd/γ-Al2O3 catalyst, which, based on the catalyst characterization （N2 adsorption, XRD, CO- Chemisorption, XPS, CHa-TPR and O2-TPO）, is ascribed to the interaction between Pd and Zr. The active phase of methane combustion over supported palladium catalyst is the Pd^0/Pd^2＋ mixture. Zr addition inhibits Pd aggregation and enhances the redox properties of active phase Pd^0/ Pd^2＋. H2 reduction could effectively reduce the oxidation degree of Pd species and regenerate the active sites （Pd^0/ pd^2＋）.

Anaerobic co-digestion of municipal biomass wastes and waste activated sludge: Dynamic model and material balances

The organic matter degradation process during anaerobic co-digestion of municipal biomass waste （MBW） and waste-activated sludge （WAS） under different organic loading rates （OLRs） was investigated in bench-scale and pilot-scale semi-continuous stirred tank reactors. To better understand the degradation process of MBW and WAS co-digestion and provide theoretical guidance for engineering application, anaerobic digestion model No. 1 was revised for the co-digestion of MBW and WAS. The results showed that the degradation of organic matter could be characterized into three different fractions, including readily hydrolyzable organics, easily degradable particulate organics, and recalcitrant particle organics. Hydrolysis was the rate-limiting step under lower OLRs, and methanogenesisis was the rate-limiting step for an OLR of 8.0 kg volatile solid （VS）/（m^3·day）. The hydrolytic parameters of carbohydrate, protein, and lipids were 0.104, 0.083, and 0.084 kg chemical oxygen demand （COD）/（kg COD·hr）, respectively, and the reaction rate parameters of lipid fermentation were 1 and 1.25 kg COD/（kg COD.hr） for OLRs of 4.0 and 6.0 kg VS/（m^3·day）. A revised model was used to simulate methane yield, and the results fit well with the experimental data. Material balance data were acquired based on the revised model, which showed that 58.50% of total COD was converted to methane.

Effects of Ce on catalytic combustion of methane over Pd-Pt/Al_2O_3 catalyst

Activity and stability of 1%Pd-0.2%Pt/Al2O3 and 1%Pd-0.2%Pt/0.6%Ce/Al2O3 catalysts prepared by impregnation method for catalytic combustion of methane in air were investigated. The catalysts before and after reaction were characterized by BET, CO chemisorption, XRD and XPS techniques. Results showed that the presence of Ce significantly increased the activity and thermal stability of the Pd-Pt/Al2O3 catalyst towards methane combustion, which could be attributed to more highly-dispersed active PdO particles over the Pd-Pt/Ce/Al2O3 catalyst surface as well as the retarded sintering of PdO and the maintained oxidized state of surface Pd during the combustion process in the presence of Ce.

Production of ammonia from plasma-catalytic decomposition of urea: Effects of carrier gas composition

Effects of carrier gas composition（N2/air） on NH3 production, energy efficiency regarding NH3 production and byproducts formation from plasma-catalytic decomposition of urea were systematically investigated using an Al2 O3-packed dielectric barrier discharge（DBD） reactor at room temperature. Results show that the presence of O2 in the carrier gas accelerates the conversion of urea but leads to less generation of NH3. The final yield of NH3 in the gas phase decreased from 70.5%, 78.7%, 66.6% and 67.2% to 54.1%, 51.7%, 49.6% and 53.4% for applied voltages of 17, 19, 21 and 23 kV, respectively when air was used as the carrier gas instead of N2.From the viewpoint of energy savings, however, air carrier gas is better than N2 due to reduced energy consumption and increased energy efficiency for decomposition of a fixed amount of urea. Carrier gas composition has little influence on the major decomposition pathways of urea under the synergetic effects of plasma and Al2 O3 catalyst to give NH3 and CO2 as the main products. Compared to a small amount of N2 O formed with N2 as the carrier gas, however,more byproducts including N2O and NO2 in the gas phase and NH4 NO3 in solid deposits were produced with air as the carrier gas, probably due to the unproductive consumption of NH3, the possible intermediate HNCO and even urea by the abundant active oxygen species and nitrogen oxides generated in air-DBD plasma.

Dechlorination of 2,2＇,4,4＇,5,5＇-hexachlorobiphenyl by thermal reaction with activated carbon-supported copper or zinc

激活的碳(交流) 支持了用离子交换树脂(IRCu-C 和 IRZn-C ) 做的铜或锌喝 557.3 mg 的增加的金属精液 ??????????? ㈠水 ???? 栭硥捡汨牯扯灩敨祮 ??? 蹄桕魷К嬄穑?

Determination of gaseous semi- and low-volatile organic halogen compounds by barrier-discharge atomic emission spectrometry

A group parameter approach using ＂total organic halogen＂ is effective for monitoring gaseous organic halogen compounds, including fluorine, chlorine, and bromine compounds, generated from combustion. We described the use of barrier-discharge radiofrequency- helium-plasma/atomic emission spectrometry, for the detection of semi- and low-volatile organic halogen compounds （SLVOXs）, which can be collected by CarbotrapTM adsorbents and analyzed using thermal desorpfion. The optimal carder gas flow rates at the injection and desorption lines were established to be 100 mL/min. The detection range for SLVOXs in the gaseous samples was from 10 ng to tens of micrograms. Measuring F was more difficult than measuring C1 or Br, because the wavelength of F is close to that of air. The barrier- discharge radiofrequency-helium-plasma/atomic emission spectrometry measured from 85% to 103% of the SLVOXs in the gas sample. It has been found that Carbotrap B is appropriate for high-boiling-point compounds, and Carbotrap C is suitable for the determination of organic halogen compounds with lower boiling points, in the range 200-230℃. Under optimal analysis conditions, a chlorine- containing plastic was destroyed using different oxygen concentrations. Lower oxygen concentrations resulted in the production of lower amounts of organic halogen compounds.

Environment-friendly preparation of exfoliated graphite and functional graphite sheets

Exfoliated graphite(EG)is promising oil sorbent as well as an intermediate product for the preparation of flexible graphite films(FGFs).It has been a critical challenge to energy conservation and pollution abatement for the traditional EG production technique.Here,we propose a simple and effective preparation method to acquire EG in which flake graphite is intercalated and exfoliated at room temperature,not involving any pollutant emission.The influence factors in the preparation process were explored,such as the amount of H_(2)SO_(4)and H_(2)O_(2),the temperature for the preparation of room temperature exfoliated graphite(RTEG).In contrast to the EG by high temperature exfoliation(HTEG),RTEG exhibits a homogeneous structure and a significantly increased volume and surface area.Moreover,EG blocks with high oil sorption capacity and excellent reuse performance can be obtained by RTEG method.Especially,FGFs fabricated by RTEG has high flexibility,thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity.It suggests that this environment-friendly technology is suitable for large-scale industrial implementation of graphite-based oil sorbents and flexible materials.