Turning Affected Layers of GH4169 with Worn Tools

To solve problems of surface integrity of GH4169 caused by tool wear during machining,residual stresses layers(RSL),deformation layers(DL),and surface roughness of machined surface were studied in this work.Jobs were done at the turning parameters of v_(c)=15 m/min and f_(z)=0.05 mm/r and ap=1 mm with6 different worn tools.Firstly,tool nose wear closes to minor flank face and how it influenced machined surface were discussed.Details were given by image processing and it concluded to 5 tool w ear states according to cutting time.Secondly,relationships between tool wear states and tensile residual stresses(RS)were built so the RS range is manageable by placing a cutting time limit.Thirdly,affected layers’depths were associated w ith tool wear and the consistency betw een RSL and DL was presented.At last,roughness values variation with cutting time were discussed.Results show that RS in peripheral direction is far larger than that in axial direction.The total cutting time of a tool should be controlled within 37 min and a time period 30-37 min before severely worn owns excellent cutting effects.Tensile RS of 400 M Pa can be set as a reference value for evaluating tool quality from angle of workpiece.

Breeding and Application Process of a New Variety‘Dianyinhua 3’in Lonicera macranthoides Hand.-Mazz.

‘Dianyinhua 3’is bred through the selection of a good single variant plant based on Hunan Lonicerae Flos variety‘Xianglei 1’as the basic material.The scions of the variant plant were grafted and propagated with wild Lonicera macranthoides Hand.-Mazz.as rootstocks.This variety belongs to L.macaroides,which has the characteristics of early flowering,large and numerous buds,concentrated flowering and abundant yield.The content of chlorogenic acid is as high as 6%,and the content of luteolin is 0.017%.It matures from late May to early June in Yunnan.The buds are rod-shaped,slightly curved,4.6-5.8 cm long,with a diameter of 6.47 mm at the top and 2.68 mm at the bottom,and the petals have a thickness of 0.33 mm.The thousand-flower bud weight was 15.8-18.2 g,and the average yield of dried flowers per plant was 1360-1680 g in the peak period,and the yield was 4887 kg/hm^2.It is suitable for the introduction and trial planting in Xiangyang Mountainous Area or rocky desertification mountainous area in Yunnan,with an altitude lower than 2200 m or in areas with similar climates such as Sichuan,Guizhou and Guangxi.

Competitive interactions and coexistence of sympatric flagship carnivores in Asia

Understanding the competition and coexistence of flagship carnivores is key to creating strategies for their conservation in the face of global carnivore declines.Although studies exploring the dynamics and competition between tigers(Panthera tigris)and leopards(P.pardus)span decades,there is a lack of understanding regarding the factors that influence their coexistence mechanisms on a broad scale,as well as the drivers determining their exploitative and interference competition.We gathered a comprehensive list of research papers among which 36 papers explored the interspecific interactions between tigers and leopards and tested the influence of biotic and abiotic factors on the coexistence mechanisms along three dimensions using multiple response variables regression models;we also tested the influence of ecological drivers determining the exploitative or interference competition between tigers and leopards.Elevation and ungulate density were the most important predictors in regulating the coexistence mechanisms.Tigers and leopards exhibited more positive relations/higher overlaps as elevation increased in the spatial niche.In addition,they showed a higher dietary overlap in the prey-rich regions.We determined that interference competition between tigers and leopards was less frequently observed in habitats with dense tree cover and homogeneous vegetation structures.Meanwhile,studies with multiple metrics would promote the detection of interference competition.Our study provides new insight into the competitive interactions and coexistence mechanisms of tigers and leopards on a broad scale.Policy-makers and managers should pay more attention to the factors of elevation,prey abundance,and habitat structures for the conservation of tigers and leopards.

Addressing the impact of canine distemper spreading on an isolated tiger population in northeast Asia

The continuation of the isolated Amur tiger(Panthera tigris altaica)population living along the China-Russia border is facing serious challenges due to factors such as its small size(including 38 individuals)and canine distemper virus(CDV).We use a population viability analysis metamodel,which consists of a traditional individual-based demographic model linked to an epidemiological model,to assess options for controlling the impact of negative factors through domestic dog management in protected areas,increasing connectivity to the neighboring large population(including more than 400 individuals),and habitat expansion.Without intervention,under inbreeding depression of 3.14,6.29,and 12.26 lethal equivalents,our metamodel predicted the extinction within 100 years is 64.4%,90.6%,and 99.8%,respectively.In addition,the simulation results showed that dog management or habitat expansion independently will not ensure tiger population viability for the next 100 years,and connectivity to the neighboring population would only keep the population size from rapidly declining.However,when the above three conservation scenarios are combined,even at the highest level of 12.26 lethal equivalents inbreeding depression,population size will not decline and the probability of extinction will be<5.8%.Our findings highlight that protecting the Amur tiger necessitates a multifaceted synergistic effort.Our key management recommendations for this population underline the importance of reducing CDV threats and expanding tiger occupancy to its former range in China,but re-establishing habitat connectivity to the neighboring population is an important long-term objective.

中国野生动物红外相机监测与研究:现状及未来

智能传感器、人工智能、信息技术等现代科学技术的创新应用极大地提升了人类在全球生物多样性保护和恢复方面的潜力。结合国内外相关研究案例,本文的主要内容包括:(1)对过去30年间(1991–2021年)中国野生动物红外相机监测研究相关文献资料进行总结分析;(2)结合国内2011年以来的典型案例,对技术方法、物种发现与编目、形态与行为研究、生态学研究和保护管理等主题领域的进展进行总结分析;(3)结合国外近期的典型案例,对红外相机监测与研究的重点领域进行评估分析;(4)对中国野生动物红外相机监测研究的未来发展提出相关建议。通过回顾,本文旨在明晰国内外红外相机技术在野生动物监测研究中的创新应用和发展趋势,为中国在该领域的未来发展提供参考依据,以便更好地服务于中国生物多样性监测与研究网络建设和以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系建设,为推进国家生态文明建设、保障生态安全和生物安全提供决策支持和科学依据。

东北虎豹生物多样性红外相机监测平台概述

东北虎豹生物多样性红外相机监测平台始建于2006年,位于中国东北温带针阔混交林区,覆盖老爷岭、张广才岭和完达山,面积达1.5万多平方公里。平台的监测目标是从生态系统水平上对东北虎(Panthera tigris altaica)、东北豹(P.pardus orientalis)、有蹄类猎物及同域分布的其他哺乳动物、森林栖息生境、环境要素和人类活动等进行全面系统的调查和观测。截至2019年6月,平台产生视频记录超过78.5万条,有效相机工作日173.6万多天,记录了28种野生兽类和32种野生鸟类。另外,利用红外相机平台已经在野生动物多样性本底调查、虎豹种群分布、数量与扩散限制、同域食肉动物种间关系、动物生境利用等方面取得一些成果,同时为东北虎豹国家公园生物多样性监测、评估和管理提供了科技支撑。

中国的野生动物红外相机监测需要统一的标准

采用及时、可靠的方法对物种开展有效监测是生物多样性保护的基础。红外相机技术可以获得兽类物种的影像、元数据和分布信息,是监测生物多样性的有效途径。这项技术在野外便于部署,规程易于标准化,可提供野生动物凭证标本(影像)以及物种拍摄位置、拍摄日期与时间、拍摄细节(相机型号等)等附属信息。这些特性使得我们可以积累数以百万计的影像资料和野生动物监测数据。在中国,红外相机技术已得到广泛应用,众多机构正在使用红外相机采集并存储野生动物影像以及相关联的元数据。目前,亟需对红外相机元数据结构进行标准化,以促进不同机构之间以及与外部保护团体之间的数据共享。迄今全球已建立有数个国际数据共享平台,例如Wildlife Insights,但他们离不开与中国的合作,以有效追踪全球可持续发展的进程。达成这样的合作需要3个基础:共同的数据标准、数据共享协议和数据禁用政策。我们倡议,中国保护领域的政府主管部门、机构团体一起合作,共同制定在国内单位之间以及与国际机构之间共享监测数据的政策、机制与途径。

激光雷达技术在动物生态学领域的研究进展

激光雷达(light detection and ranging,LiDAR)作为一门新兴的主动遥感技术,近年来由于在提取和反演森林参数水平上不断提高,被越来越多地应用于动物生态学研究中。本文通过整理和搜集国内外文献,对激光雷达的技术特点及其在森林参数提取和动物生境上的研究进展进行综述,指出当前基于LiDAR的森林参数反演算法主要服务于森林资源调查或林学研究,缺少对动物生态或生理意义相关的参数量化信息。目前该技术在国内的动物生态学方面的应用较少,尚未见文章发表。通过总结国外学者的研究,分别从动物生境选择与三维森林结构的关系、栖息地立体生境制图、生物多样性评估和物种分布模型预测三个方面综述了LiDAR在动物生态学研究中的应用现状。相比传统方法,LiDAR技术提供的高精度三维结构信息,能够显著提高动物生境质量的评估、生物多样性的监测水平和物种分布模型的评价精度,有利于从机理上加深对物种生境选择和集群过程的理解。但目前LiDAR技术的应用主要集中在对已知的生态关系研究,尤其是冠层结构与动物分布的关系,缺少对林下层生活的动物生境质量和生物多样性的监测和评估,同时很多有关动物生存和繁衍与立体生境的关系研究有待从LiDAR数据中进一步挖掘分析。未来应加强对森林林下层三维信息的提取,提高林下层动物生境质量和生物多样性的监测水平,同时建立适用于动物生态和生理意义相关的参数,为动物生境质量和生物多样性的评估提供标准的量化指标。

Internet of Things to network smart devices for ecosystem monitoring

Smart, real-time, low-cost, and distributed ecosystem monitoring is essential for understanding and managing rapidly changing ecosystems. However, new techniques in the big data era have rarely been introduced into operational ecosystem monitoring, particularly for fragile ecosystems in remote areas.We introduce the Internet of Things(IoT) techniques to establish a prototype ecosystem monitoring system by developing innovative smart devices and using IoT technologies for ecosystem monitoring in isolated environments. The developed smart devices include four categories: large-scale and nonintrusive instruments to measure evapotranspiration and soil moisture, in situ observing systems for CO2 and d13 C associated with soil respiration, portable and distributed devices for monitoring vegetation variables, and Bi-CMOS cameras and pressure trigger sensors for terrestrial vertebrate monitoring. These new devices outperform conventional devices and are connected to each other via wireless communication networks. The breakthroughs in the ecosystem monitoring IoT include new data loggers and longdistance wireless sensor network technology that supports the rapid transmission of data from devices to wireless networks. The applicability of this ecosystem monitoring IoT is verified in three fragile ecosystems, including a karst rocky desertification area, the National Park for Amur Tigers, and the oasis-desert ecotone in China. By integrating these devices and technologies with an ecosystem monitoring information system, a seamless data acquisition, transmission, processing, and application IoT is created. The establishment of this ecosystem monitoring IoT will serve as a new paradigm for ecosystem monitoring and therefore provide a platform for ecosystem management and decision making in the era of big data.

Estimating abundance and density of Amur tigers along the Sino- Russian border

As an apex predator the Amur tiger(Panthera tigris altaica)could play a pivotal role in maintaining the integ­rity of forest ecosystems in Northeast Asia.Due to habitat loss and harvest over the past century,tigers rapidly declined in China and are now restricted to the Russian Far East and bordering habitat in nearby China.To fa­cilitate restoration of the tiger in its historical range,reliable estimates of population size are essential to assess effectiveness of conservation interventions.Here we used camera trap data collected in Hunchun National Na­ture Reserve from April to June 2013 and 2014 to estimate tiger density and abundance using both maximum likelihood and Bayesian spatially explicit capture-recapture(SECR)methods.A minimum of 8 individuals were detected in both sample periods and the documentation of marking behavior and reproduction suggests the presence of a resident population.Using Bayesian SECR modeling within the 11400 km2 state space,den­sity estimates were 0.33 and 0.40 individuals/100 km^(2) in 2013 and 2014,respectively,corresponding to an es­timated abundance of 38 and 45 animals for this transboundary Sino-Russian population.In a maximum likeli­hood framework,we estimated densities of 0.30 and 0.24 individuals/100 km^(2) corresponding to abundances of 34 and 27,in 2013 and 2014,respectively.These density estimates are comparable to other published estimates for resident Amur tiger populations in the Russian Far East.This study reveals promising signs of tiger recovery in Northeast China,and demonstrates the importance of connectivity between the Russian and Chinese popula­tions for recovering tigers in Northeast China.

ELIMINATION AND IDENTITIES WITH THE INTEGRAL SIGN

In this paper, we aim at using the elimination in Weyl algebra to give an algorithm for proving the identities with integral sign. Then, we test several examples that have been proved by D. Zeilberger.

ELIMINATION IN WEYI ALGEBRA AND q-IDENTITIES

In this paper, the following are introduced briefly： the basic concept of q-proper-hypergeometric; an algorithmic proof theory for q-proper-hypergeometric identities; and elimination in the non- commutative Weyl algebra. We give an algorithm for proving the single-variable q-proper-hypergeometric identities that is based on Zeilberger＇s approach and the elimination in Weyl algebra. Finally, we test several examples that have been proven by D. Zeilberger and H. Will using the WZ-pair method and Gosper algorithm.