LMI1,a DUF292 protein family gene,regulates immune responses and cell death in rice

A novel rice mutant lmi1 showed increased resistance to bacterial blight.LMI1 encodes a DUF292 protein and regulates defense immune responses and cell death via vesicle trafficking in chloroplasts.

Graphdiyne-supported metal electrocatalysts:From nanoparticles and cluster to single atoms

The supported-metal catalysts are of great importance to the energy-related electrocatalysis,which is regarded as a green and sustainable technology to address energy and environmental issues.The metal size and metal–support interaction can significantly affect the electrocatalytic activity and stability.As a novel two-dimensional(2D)carbon allotrope comprising sp-and sp2-hybridized carbon atoms,graphdiyne(GDY)possesses uniformly distributed pores,naturally created anchoring sites,high electrical conductivity,and good stability,making it as an attractive matrix for supporting metal catalysts.Herein,this review will present a systematical summary on the synthesis of size-controlled metal catalysts from nanoparticles to single atoms anchored on GDY and their applications in energy related electrocatalysis,in which the size effect and confinement effect on electrocatalytic performance will be revealed.We first briefly introduce the emerging synthetic methods for GDY,laying a foundation for the subsequent fabrication of nano-scale GDY-supported metal catalysts.Then the corresponding electrocatalytic applications including hydrogen evolution reaction(HER),oxygen reduction reaction(ORR),oxygen evolution reaction(OER),nitrogen reduction reaction(NRR),and CO_(2)reduction reaction(CO_(2)RR)are elaborately discussed.This review will be helpful for understanding the effect of support-metal interaction on electrocatalytic performance and thereby designing ideal supportedmetal catalysts on atomic scale.

Organoid: a powerful tool to study lungregeneration and disease

Organoids are three-dimensional self-organizing structures formed by adult tissue stem cells or pluripotent stemcells. They recapitulate cell-cell, cell-niche interactions in tissue development, homeostasis, regeneration anddisease, and provide an in vitro model for drug screening. This review summarizes the recent advances of organoidcultures derived from adult lung stem cells and human pluripotent stem cells, especially focusing on the organoidsof the distal airway stem/progenitor cells. We also discuss the applications of organoids in studying lungregeneration and pulmonary diseases, including pulmonary fibrosis, airway diseases and Coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19).

Composite electrolyte with self-inserted structure and all-trans F conformation provides fast Li^(+) transport for solid-state Li metal batteries

Solid-state Li metal battery has attracted increasing interests for its potentiallyhigh energy density and excellent safety assurance, which is a promising candidatefor next generation battery system. However, the low ionic conductivityand Li^(+) transport number of solid-state polymer electrolytes limit their practicalapplication. Herein, a composite polymer electrolyte with self-insertedstructure is proposed using the layered double hydroxides (LDHs) as dopant toachieve a fast Li^(+) transport channel in poly(vinylidene-co-trifluoroethylene) [P(VDF-TrFE)] based polymer electrolyte. In such a composite electrolyte, P(VDF-TrFE) polymer has an all-trans conformation, in which all fluorineatoms locate on one side of the polymer chain, providing fast Li^(+) transporthighways. Meanwhile, the LDH can immobilize the anions of Li salts based onthe electrostatic interactions, promoting the dissociation of Li salts, therebyenhancing the ionic conductivity (6.4 × 10^(-4) S cm^(-1)) and Li^(+) transferencenumber (0.76). The anion immobilization effect can realize uniform electricfield distribution at the anode surface and suppress the dendritic Li growth.Moreover, the hydrogen bonding interaction between LDH and polymerchains also endows the composite electrolyte with strong mechanical properties.Thus, at room temperature, the Li jj Li symmetric cells can be stablycycled over 1000 h at a current density of 0.2 mA cm^(-2), and the full cells withLiFePO_(4) cathode deliver a high capacity retention (>95%) after 200 cycles. This work offers a promising route to construct solid-state polymer electrolytes withfast Li^(+) transport.

Synthesis Methods of Graphdiyne and Graphdiyne Based Materials

Graphdiyne(GDY),as a new carbon material with two-dimensional structure composed by sp2 and sp carbon atoms,has exhibited excellent properties in various fields due to its conjugated pore structure,high specific surface area and stable structure.Various properties can also be tuned through the adjustability of the electronic structure by chemical methods.This article systematically discusses the preparation methods and strategies of GDY and GDY based materials.These preparation methods provide the way for us to obtain various GDY materials targeting specific research and application.

Leap of Li Metal Anodes from Coin Cells to Pouch Cells:Challenges and Progress

Li metal anodes have attracted tremendous attention in the last decade because of their high theoretical capacities and low electrochemical potentials.However,until now,there has only been limited success in improving the interfacial and structural stabilities and in realizing the highly controllable and large-scale fabrication of this emerging material;these limitations have posed great obstacles to further performing fundamental and applied studies in Li metal anodes.In this review,we focus on summarizing the existing challenges of Li metal anodes based on the leap from coin cells to pouch cells and on outlining typical methods for designing Li metal anodes on demand;we controllably engineer their surface protection layers and structure sizes by encapsulating structured Li metal inside a variety of synthetic protection layers.We aim to provide a comprehensive understanding and serve as a strategic guide for designing and fabricating practicable Li metal anodes for use in pouch batteries.Challenges and opportunities regarding this burgeoning field are critically evaluated at the end of this review.