Multi-cohort comprehensive analysis unveiling the clinical value and therapeutic effect of GNAL in glioma

Clinical data indicates that glioma patients have poor treatment outcomes and clinical prognosis.The role of olfactory signaling pathway-related genes(OSPRGs)in glioma has not been fully elucidated.In this study,we aimed to investigate the role and relationship between OSPRGs and glioma.Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed to assess the relationship between OSPRGs and the overall survival of glioma based on public cohorts,and the target gene(G Protein Subunit Alpha L,GNAL)was screened.The association of GNAL expression with clinicopathological characteristics,gene mutation landscape,tumor immune microenvironment(TIME),deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA)methylation,and naris-occlusion controlled genes(NOCGs)was performed.Immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate GNAL level in glioma.Further analysis was conducted to evaluate the drug sensitivity,immunotherapy response,and functional enrichment of GNAL.GNAL was an independent prognostic factor,and patients with low GNAL expression have a poor prognosis.Expression of GNAL was closely associated with clinicopathological characteristics,DNA methylation,and several immune-related pathways.Immune infiltration analysis indicated that GNAL levels were negatively correlated with immune scores.GNAL low-expression group showed efficacy with anti-PD-1 therapy.Ten compounds with significantly different half-maximal inhibitory concentration(IC50)values between the GNAL high and low-expression groups were identified.Furthermore,its expression was associated with several immune cells,immune-related genes,and NOCGs.The expression of GNAL is closely associated with clinicopathological characteristics,TIME,and the response to therapeutic interventions,highlighting its potential as a prognostic biomarker for glioma.

Structural analysis of receptor-like kinase SOBIR1 reveals mechanisms that regulate its phosphorylation-dependent activation

Plant leucine-rich repeat(LRR)receptor-like kinases(RLKs)and LRR receptor-like proteins(RLPs)comprise a large family of cell surface receptors that play critical roles in signal perception and transduction.Both LRR-RLKs and LRR-RLPs rely on regulatory LRR-RLKs to initiate downstream signaling pathways.BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1-ASSOCIATED KINASE 1/SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS RECEPTOR KINASE 3(BAK1/SERK3)and SUPPRESSOR OF BIR1-1(SOBIR1)are important and extensively studied regulatory LRR-RLKs with distinct functions.Although the regulatory mechanism of BAK1 activation has been studied in detail,the activation mechanism of SOBIR1 remains poorly understood.Here,the crystal structures of the catalytically inactive kinase domain of SOBIR1(SOBIR1-KD)from Arabidopsis thaliana were determined in complexes with AMP-PNP and Mg^(2+).The results show that SOBIR1-KD contains a uniquely long β3-αC loop and adopts an Src-like inactive conformation with an unusual architecture at the activation segment,which comprises three helices.Biochemical studies revealed that SOBIR1 is transphosphorylated by BAK1 following its autophosphorylation via an intermolecular mechanism,and the phosphorylation of Thr529 in the activation segment and the β3-αC loop are critical for SOBIR1 phosphorylation.Further functional analysis confirmed the importance of Thr529 and the β3-αC loop for the SOBIR1-induced cell death response in Nicotiana benthamiana.Taken together,these findings provide a structural basis for the regulatory mechanism of SOBIR1 and reveal the important elements and phosphorylation events in the special stepwise activation of SOBIR1-KD,the first such processes found in regulatory LRR-RLKs.