Urea generation through electrochemical CO_(2) and NO_(3)~-co-reduction reaction(CO_(2)NO_(3)RR)is still limited by either the low selectivity or yield rate of urea.Herein,we report copper carbonate hydroxide(Cu_2(OH)...Urea generation through electrochemical CO_(2) and NO_(3)~-co-reduction reaction(CO_(2)NO_(3)RR)is still limited by either the low selectivity or yield rate of urea.Herein,we report copper carbonate hydroxide(Cu_2(OH)_2CO_(3))as an efficient CO_(2)NO_(3)RR electrocatalyst with an impressive urea Faradaic efficiency of45.2%±2.1%and a high yield rate of 1564.5±145.2μg h~(-1)mg_(cat)~(-1).More importantly,H_(2) evolution is fully inhibited on this electrocatalyst over a wide potential range between-0.3 and-0.8 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode.Our thermodynamic simulation reveals that the first C-N coupling follows a unique pathway on Cu_2(OH)_2CO_(3) by combining the two intermediates,~*COOH and~*NHO.This work demonstrates that high selectivity and yield rate of urea can be simultaneously achieved on simple Cu-based electrocatalysts in CO_(2)NO_(3)RR,and provide guidance for rational design of more advanced catalysts.展开更多
二氧化碳电化学还原(CO_(2)RR)制备碳氢化合物是一项极具应用前景的技术.该技术不仅可以有效减少二氧化碳在大气中的积累,还可以储存可再生能源.然而,由于现有的CO_(2)RR电催化剂的活性和法拉第效率较低,难以实现大规模应用.离子液体电...二氧化碳电化学还原(CO_(2)RR)制备碳氢化合物是一项极具应用前景的技术.该技术不仅可以有效减少二氧化碳在大气中的积累,还可以储存可再生能源.然而,由于现有的CO_(2)RR电催化剂的活性和法拉第效率较低,难以实现大规模应用.离子液体电解质可以有效提高CO_(2)RR的选择性,但成本太高,将离子液体固定在异相电催化剂的孔洞中可以大幅减少离子液体的用量.本文设计了一种混合HKUST-1金属-有机框架(MOF)-氟化咪唑基室温离子液体的电催化剂,将1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐([BMIM][PF6])和1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐([EMIM][BF_(4)])室温离子液体在真空氛围中被负载到水热合成的HKUST-1微粒孔隙中形成复合催化剂,该催化剂可以选择性地将CO_(2)还原为CH_(4).X射线光电子能谱(XPS)结果表明,室温离子液体和HKUST-1 MOF的Cu中心之间存在明显的电子相互作用,其中低氧化态的Cu比例较高.X射线衍射(XRD)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)结果表明,室温离子液体的负载没有显著改变MOF的晶体结构及其形态.与原始的HKUST-1电催化剂相比,HKUST-1/[BMIM][PF_(6)]混合催化剂的CH_(4)法拉第效率(FE)明显提高.在‒1.13 V vs.RHE时,最大CH_(4) FE和分电流密度分别为65.5%和11.5 mA cm^(-2).同时,混合催化剂的析氢反应(HER)活性显著降低,在‒1.09 V vs.RHE时H_(2) FE只有6.8%.稳定性测试结果表明,CH_(4) FE可以稳定保持在50%以上.由于在HKUST-1/[BMIM]和HKUST-1/[EMIM][BF_(4)]混合催化剂的测试中观察到了类似的促进CH_(4)和抑制HER的趋势,可以推断室温离子液体的疏水性在提高CO_(2)RR选择性方面只起到次要作用.电解后催化剂表面形成纳米级铜簇,可能是真正的活性位点.基于实验结果,本文还模拟了表面吸附了[BMIM][PF_(6)]分子的Cu(110)晶面,密度泛函理论(DFT)计算结果表明,在表面存在室温离子液体的情况下,Cu的分态密度(PDOS)峰正移,表明Cu可以与CO_(2)RR的反应中间体形成更强的键.HER的自由能图结果表明,室温离子液体的存在明显增强了H的吸附,从而通过增加*H的脱附能垒来阻碍析氢.此外,对CO_(2)到CH_(4)反应路径的计算表明,室温离子液体的存在降低了CO_(2)-CH_(4)的热力学能垒.展开更多
The electrochemical reduction reaction of carbon dioxide(CO_(2)RR)is considered to be an effective way to realize carbon neutrality.As a type of intensively studied materials,covalent organic frameworks(COFs)with a tu...The electrochemical reduction reaction of carbon dioxide(CO_(2)RR)is considered to be an effective way to realize carbon neutrality.As a type of intensively studied materials,covalent organic frameworks(COFs)with a tunable pore structure and various functional groups are promising catalysts for CO_(2)RR.Herein,COF synthesized by 2,6‐diaminoanthraquinone and 2,4,6‐triformylphloroglucinol is employed to assist the synthesis of electrocatalysts from Cu single atoms(SAs)to nanoclusters by controlling the electrodeposition.A tandem catalyst for CO_(2)‐to‐CH4 conversion is thus achieved by the Cu nanoclusters dispersed among the isolated Cu SAs in the COF network.It is proposed that CO_(2) is first reduced to CO over the atomically isolated Cu SAs,followed by diffusion onto the neighboring Cu nanoclusters for further reduction into CH4.In addition,mechanistic analysis suggests that the coordinated K^(+)ions on the COF network promote the activation of CO_(2) and the adsorption of reaction intermediates,thus realizing the suppressed hydrogen evolution reaction and selective production of CH4.This study presents a new insight of COFs for the confined synthesis of a tunable SA to nanocluster electrocatalysts,disclosing the great potential of COFs in electrocatalysis.展开更多
基金supported by the Research Grants Council(26206115,16304821 and 16309418)the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory(Guangzhou)(SMSEGL20SC01)+2 种基金the Innovation and Technology Commission(grant no.ITC-CNERC14EG03)of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Regionthe Hong Kong Postdoctoral Fellowship Scheme(HKUST PDFS2021-4S12 and HKUST PDFS2021-6S08)the support from the Shenzhen fundamental research funding(JCYJ20210324115809026,20200925154115001,JCYJ20200109141216566)。
文摘Urea generation through electrochemical CO_(2) and NO_(3)~-co-reduction reaction(CO_(2)NO_(3)RR)is still limited by either the low selectivity or yield rate of urea.Herein,we report copper carbonate hydroxide(Cu_2(OH)_2CO_(3))as an efficient CO_(2)NO_(3)RR electrocatalyst with an impressive urea Faradaic efficiency of45.2%±2.1%and a high yield rate of 1564.5±145.2μg h~(-1)mg_(cat)~(-1).More importantly,H_(2) evolution is fully inhibited on this electrocatalyst over a wide potential range between-0.3 and-0.8 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode.Our thermodynamic simulation reveals that the first C-N coupling follows a unique pathway on Cu_2(OH)_2CO_(3) by combining the two intermediates,~*COOH and~*NHO.This work demonstrates that high selectivity and yield rate of urea can be simultaneously achieved on simple Cu-based electrocatalysts in CO_(2)NO_(3)RR,and provide guidance for rational design of more advanced catalysts.
文摘二氧化碳电化学还原(CO_(2)RR)制备碳氢化合物是一项极具应用前景的技术.该技术不仅可以有效减少二氧化碳在大气中的积累,还可以储存可再生能源.然而,由于现有的CO_(2)RR电催化剂的活性和法拉第效率较低,难以实现大规模应用.离子液体电解质可以有效提高CO_(2)RR的选择性,但成本太高,将离子液体固定在异相电催化剂的孔洞中可以大幅减少离子液体的用量.本文设计了一种混合HKUST-1金属-有机框架(MOF)-氟化咪唑基室温离子液体的电催化剂,将1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐([BMIM][PF6])和1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐([EMIM][BF_(4)])室温离子液体在真空氛围中被负载到水热合成的HKUST-1微粒孔隙中形成复合催化剂,该催化剂可以选择性地将CO_(2)还原为CH_(4).X射线光电子能谱(XPS)结果表明,室温离子液体和HKUST-1 MOF的Cu中心之间存在明显的电子相互作用,其中低氧化态的Cu比例较高.X射线衍射(XRD)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)结果表明,室温离子液体的负载没有显著改变MOF的晶体结构及其形态.与原始的HKUST-1电催化剂相比,HKUST-1/[BMIM][PF_(6)]混合催化剂的CH_(4)法拉第效率(FE)明显提高.在‒1.13 V vs.RHE时,最大CH_(4) FE和分电流密度分别为65.5%和11.5 mA cm^(-2).同时,混合催化剂的析氢反应(HER)活性显著降低,在‒1.09 V vs.RHE时H_(2) FE只有6.8%.稳定性测试结果表明,CH_(4) FE可以稳定保持在50%以上.由于在HKUST-1/[BMIM]和HKUST-1/[EMIM][BF_(4)]混合催化剂的测试中观察到了类似的促进CH_(4)和抑制HER的趋势,可以推断室温离子液体的疏水性在提高CO_(2)RR选择性方面只起到次要作用.电解后催化剂表面形成纳米级铜簇,可能是真正的活性位点.基于实验结果,本文还模拟了表面吸附了[BMIM][PF_(6)]分子的Cu(110)晶面,密度泛函理论(DFT)计算结果表明,在表面存在室温离子液体的情况下,Cu的分态密度(PDOS)峰正移,表明Cu可以与CO_(2)RR的反应中间体形成更强的键.HER的自由能图结果表明,室温离子液体的存在明显增强了H的吸附,从而通过增加*H的脱附能垒来阻碍析氢.此外,对CO_(2)到CH_(4)反应路径的计算表明,室温离子液体的存在降低了CO_(2)-CH_(4)的热力学能垒.
基金Innovation and Technology Commission of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region,Grant/Award Number:ITCCNERC14EG03Research Grants Council,University Grants Committee,Grant/Award Numbers:16309418,26206115,HKUST PDFS2021‐4S12,HKUST PDFS2021‐6S08。
文摘The electrochemical reduction reaction of carbon dioxide(CO_(2)RR)is considered to be an effective way to realize carbon neutrality.As a type of intensively studied materials,covalent organic frameworks(COFs)with a tunable pore structure and various functional groups are promising catalysts for CO_(2)RR.Herein,COF synthesized by 2,6‐diaminoanthraquinone and 2,4,6‐triformylphloroglucinol is employed to assist the synthesis of electrocatalysts from Cu single atoms(SAs)to nanoclusters by controlling the electrodeposition.A tandem catalyst for CO_(2)‐to‐CH4 conversion is thus achieved by the Cu nanoclusters dispersed among the isolated Cu SAs in the COF network.It is proposed that CO_(2) is first reduced to CO over the atomically isolated Cu SAs,followed by diffusion onto the neighboring Cu nanoclusters for further reduction into CH4.In addition,mechanistic analysis suggests that the coordinated K^(+)ions on the COF network promote the activation of CO_(2) and the adsorption of reaction intermediates,thus realizing the suppressed hydrogen evolution reaction and selective production of CH4.This study presents a new insight of COFs for the confined synthesis of a tunable SA to nanocluster electrocatalysts,disclosing the great potential of COFs in electrocatalysis.
