Longevity Chance

Britton Chance pursued his research and sailing until his death at age 97.His 100th anniversary was memorialized in this paperfrom longevity viewpoint.His ielong work was very creative.Hislife was very colorful.His aging was very sucesful.He has lived a longevity.

APPLICATIONS OF INTRANASAL LOW INTENSITY LASER THERAPY IN SPORTS MEDICINE

Function-specific homeostasis(FSH)has been defined as a negative-feedback response of a biosystem to maintain its interior function-specific conditions so that the function is perfectly performed.There is no photobiomodulation of intranasal low intensity laser therapy(ILILT)on a function in its FSH,but ILILT could modulate a function far from its FSH.This rehabilitation has been found to be mediated by the ratio of intracellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide(NAD+)and its reduced form NADH,NAD+/NADH,and then sirtuin 1(SIRT1).There might be FSH-specific NAD+/NADH(FSN)and SIRT1 activity(FSA).ILILT might enhance NAD+/NADH and SIRT1 activity until they arrive at FSN and FSA,respectively.The NAD+/NADH and SIRT1 activity of related cells of many athletic diseases such as upper respiratory tract infection,asthma,osteoarthritis,exercise-induced muscle damage,wound,traumatic brain injury,and osteoporosis are lower than FSN and FSA,respectively.Therefore,there may be therapeutic effects of ILILT on those athletic diseases.Furthermore,many phenomena and the ILILT mechanism have been integrated to support the prophylaxis effects of ILILT on the swine-origin influenza A(H1N1).

PHOTOBIOMODULATION-MEDIATED PATHW AY DIAGNOSTICS

Cellular pathways are ordinarily diagnosed with pathway inhibitors,related gene regulation,or fuorescent protein markers.They are also suggested to be diagnosed with pathway activation modulation of photobiomod ulation(PBM)in this paper.A PBM on a biosystem function depends on whether the biosystem is in its function-specific homeostasis(FSH).An FSH,a negative feedback response for the function to be performed perfectly,is maintained by its FSH-essential subfunctions and its FSH-non-essential subfunctions(FNSs).A function in its FSH or far from its FSH is called a normal or dysfunctional function.A direct PBM may self-adaptatively modulate a dysfunctional function until it is normal so that it can be used to discover the optimum pathways for an FSH to be established.An indirect PBM may self adaptatively modulate a dysfunctional FNS of a normal function until the FNS is normal,and the normal function is then upgraded so that it can be used to discover the redundant pathways for a normal function to be upgraded.

EXTRAOCULAR CELLULAR PHOTOTRANSDUCTION

Photobiomodulation(PBM)is a modulation of monochromatic light or laser irradiation(LI)on biosystems.It is reviewed from the viewpoint of extraocular phototransduction in this paper.It was found that LI can induce extraocular phototransduction,and there may be an exact correspondence relationship of LI at different wavelengths and in different dose zones,and cellular signal transduction pathways.The signal transduction pathways can be classified into two types so that the Gs protein-mediated pathways belong to pathway 1,and the other pathways such as protein kinase Cs-mediated pathways and mitogen-activated protein kinase-mediated pathways belong to pathway 2.Almost all the present pathways found to mediate PBM belong to pathway 2,but there should be a pathway 1-mediated PBM.The previous studies were rather preliminary,and therefore further work should be done.

EFFECTS OF RED LIGHT AT 640nm FROM LIGHT EMITTING DIODES ON THE RESPIRATORY BURST OF HUMAN NEUTROPHILS

Photobiomodulation(PBM)has been reported to have effects on respiratory burst of polymorphonuclear neutrophils(PMNs),but little focus was on the individual differences of human PMNs.The latter was investigated in this study.The PMNs were isolated from peripheral blood of 13 volunteers(10 ordinary persons,3 athletes)and treated by red light(640±15 nm)from light emitting diodes(RLED)at 50,100,300,500 and 1000 J/m^(2)for 100 seconds,respectively.Blood samples of athletes were extracted at different running stages in 10 km non-interrupted long-distance running,before running,1 hour after running began,just finishing the running,resting for 1 hour and 2 hours after running.The PMN respiratory burst was assessed by the nitroblue tetrazolium test.It was found that there were three types of RLED PBM on the respiratory burst of 3 types of PMNs,respectively,inducing for the subactivated PMNs,inhibiting for the overactivated PMNs and none for the PMNs in homeostasis.It was then concluded that there may be RLED PBM on dysfunctional human PMNs while none on those in homeostasis,and RLED at 300 J/m^(2)for 100 seconds may have bi-direction modulation on PMN respiratory burst.

Photobiomodulation:A Potential Non-invasive Method to Alleviate Neurological Events Following COVID-19 Infection

In the past several months,confirmed cases have surged as many countries have loosened their bans on Coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)epidemic prevention and control.As a respiratory infectious disease caused by a novel coronavirus called SARS-CoV-2,COVID-19 emerged in late December 2019 and lasted for more than three years worldwide[1].

Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells in Alzheimer’s disease:from physiology to pathology

Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells(OPCs)play pivotal roles in myelin formation and phagocytosis,communicating with neighboring cells and contributing to the integrity of the blood-brain barrier(BBB).However,under the pathological circumstances of Alzheimer’s disease(AD),the brain’s microenvironment undergoes detrimental changes that significantly impact OPCs and their functions.Starting with OPC functions,we delve into the transformation of OPCs to myelin-producing oligodendrocytes,the intricate signaling interactions with other cells in the central nervous system(CNS),and the fascinating process of phagocytosis,which influences the function of OPCs and affects CNS homeostasis.Moreover,we discuss the essential role of OPCs in BBB formation and highlight the critical contribution of OPCs in forming CNS-protective barriers.In the context of AD,the deterioration of the local microenvironment in the brain is discussed,mainly focusing on neuroinflammation,oxidative stress,and the accumulation of toxic proteins.The detrimental changes disturb the delicate balance in the brain,impacting the regenerative capacity of OPCs and compromising myelin integrity.Under pathological conditions,OPCs experience significant alterations in migration and proliferation,leading to impaired differentiation and a reduced ability to produce mature oligodendrocytes.Moreover,myelin degeneration and formation become increasingly active in AD,contributing to progressive neurodegeneration.Finally,we summarize the current therapeutic approaches targeting OPCs in AD.Strategies to revitalize OPC senescence,modulate signaling pathways to enhance OPC differentiation,and explore other potential therapeutic avenues are promising in alleviating the impact of AD on OPCs and CNS function.In conclusion,this review highlights the indispensable role of OPCs in CNS function and their involvement in the pathogenesis of AD.The intricate interplay between OPCs and the AD brain microenvironment underscores the complexity of neurodegenerative diseases.Insights from studying OPCs under pathological conditions provide a foundation for innovative therapeutic strategies targeting OPCs and fostering neurodegeneration.Future research will advance our understanding and management of neurodegenerative diseases,ultimately offering hope for effective treatments and improved quality of life for those affected by AD and related disorders.

Microglial SIRPα Deletion Facilitates Synapse Loss in Preclinical Models of Neurodegeneration

Microglia,the principal immune cells in the brain,play a vital role in the development and homeostasis of the central nervous system[1,2].During early brain development,microglia-mediated synapse pruning contributes to eliminating excess synapses that are unnecessary in adulthood[3].Excessive microglia-mediated pruning in the adult brain is implicated in neurodegeneration-associated behav・ioral deficits[4,5].