Goat milk-based infant formula regulates intestinal barrier function and promotes the production of short-chain fatty acids

Infant formula(IF)based on cow milk and goat milk is a substitute food for infants who are underfed with human milk.In our previous study,we reported the composition and physicochemical stability of IF based on milk from cows and goats and a combination of both milks.Here,we investigated the effects of these 3 IFs on intestinal immunity and short-chain fatty acid production(SCFAs)using human microbiota-associated(HMA)mice and selected human milk as a positive control.The results showed that goat milk-based IF is associated with a functional immune advantage,due to the rise in the levels of immune-related cytokines interleukin(IL)-2 and IL-10,decreased levels of intestinal permeability markers D-lactic acid and endotoxin,and increased mRNA levels of intestinal tight junction proteins occludin and claudin.In addition,the intestine of mice fed with goat milk-based IF contained 12.06μmol/g acetate,2.42μmol/g propionate,and 1.72μmol/g butyrate,which reached 69%,79%,and 60%of the levels in human milk,respectively.Our results indicate that goat milk-based IF improves intestinal immune function and promotes the production of intestinal SCFAs.

An Evolutionary Firefly Algorithm, Goal Programming Optimization Approach for Setting the Osmotic Dehydration Parameters of Papaya

An evolutionary nature-inspired Firefly Algorithm (FA) is employed to set the optimal osmotic dehydration parameters in a case study of papaya. In the case, the functional form of the dehydration model is established via a response surface technique with the resulting optimization formulation being a non-linear goal programming model. For optimization, a computationally efficient, FA-driven method is employed and the resulting solution is shown to be superior to those from previous approaches for determining the osmotic process parameters. The final component of this study provides a computational experimentation performed on the FA to illustrate the relative sensitivity of this evolutionary metaheuristic approach over a range of the two key parameters that most influence its running time-the number of iterations and the number of fireflies. This sensitivity analysis revealed that for intermediate-to-high values of either of these two key parameters, the FA would always determine overall optimal solutions, while lower values of either parameter would generate greater variability in solution quality. Since the running time complexity of the FA is polynomial in the number of fireflies but linear in the number of iterations, this experimentation shows that it is more computationally practical to run the FA using a “reasonably small” number of fireflies together with a relatively larger number of iterations than the converse.

Influence of Gut Microbiota and its Metabolites on Progression of Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease

Metabolic associated fatty liver disease(MAFLD)has become a prevalent chronic liver disease worldwide because of lifestyle and dietary changes.Gut microbiota and its metabolites have been shown to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of MAFLD.Understanding of the function of gut microbiota and its metabolites in MAFLD may help to elucidate pathological mechanisms,identify diagnostic markers,and develop drugs or probiotics for the treatment of MAFLD.Here we review the pathogenesis of MAFLD by gut microbiota and its metabolites and discuss the feasibility of treating MAFLD from the perspective of gut microbes.

Asymmetrically coordinated main group atomic In-S_(1)N_(3)interface sites for promoting electrochemical CO_(2)reduction

Designing catalysts with highly active,selectivity,and stability for electrocatalytic CO_(2)to formate is currently a severe challenge.Herein,we developed an electronic structure engineering on carbon nano frameworks embedded with nitrogen and sulfur asymmetrically dual-coordinated indium active sites toward the efficient electrocatalytic CO_(2)reduction reaction.As expected,atomically dispersed In-based catalysts with In-S_(1)N_(3)atomic interface with asymmetrically coordinated exhibited high efficiency for CO_(2)reduction reaction(CO_(2)RR)to formate.It achieved a maximum Faradaic efficiency(FE)of 94.3%towards formate generation at−0.8 V vs.reversible hydrogen electrode(RHE),outperforming that of catalysts with In-S2N2 and In-N4 atomic interface.And at a potential of−1.10 V vs.RHE,In-S_(1)N_(3)achieves an impressive Faradaic efficiency of 93.7%in flow cell.The catalytic performance of In-S_(1)N_(3)sites was confirmed to be enhanced through in-situ X-ray absorption near-edge structure(XANES)measurements under electrochemical conditions.Our discovery provides the guidance for performance regulation of main group metal catalysts toward CO_(2)RR at atomic scale.

二甲双胍联合胰岛素泵治疗妊娠期糖尿病及对血清YKL-40、Irisin水平的影响

目的探讨二甲双胍联合胰岛素泵皮下注射治疗妊娠期糖尿病患者对其血清人软骨糖蛋白-39(YKL-40)及鸢尾素(Irisin)水平的影响。方法选取2015年7月—2017年1月贵州省人民医院收治的140例妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)患者,依照随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组,每组70例。观察组采用二甲双胍联合胰岛素泵皮下注射治疗,对照组采用二甲双胍联合胰岛素皮下注射治疗,治疗12周后,比较两组患者疗效及血清YKL-40、Irisin水平变化。结果观察组治疗总有效率与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05),观察组高于对照组;观察组血糖达标时间、胰岛素用量、治疗后血糖相关指标(TC、TG、LDL-C、FPG、FBG、HbAlc)及治疗后血清YKL-40水平与对照组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P <0.05),观察组低于对照组;观察组治疗后血清Irisin水平与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05),观察组高于对照组;观察组产妇妊娠结局异常率和新生儿异常结局发生率与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05),观察组均低于对照组。结论二甲双胍联合胰岛素泵皮下注射治疗GDM患者疗效优于二甲双胍联合胰岛素皮下注射治疗,在血糖控制和减少并发症方面疗效确切,并能降低血清YKL-40水平,升高Irisin水平,改善胰岛素抵抗和胰岛β细胞的功能,对于妊娠期糖尿病患者治疗具有重要价值。

角膜屈光手术与青光眼诊疗的相关性研究

由于角膜屈光手术的流行,随着这些手术患者的老龄化,这些患者未来很有可能需要进行青光眼的诊断、随访和治疗。由于青光眼的检查比如眼压测量很大程度上取决于角膜生物学性质,为了克服这个问题,计划进行角膜屈光手术的患者必须进行系统的青光眼相关检查,以便眼科医生能够监测到可能的青光眼发生或进展。本文对角膜屈光手术术前和术后,青光眼诊断方面的最新相关研究做一综述,以期为临床工作提供参考。

Negative regulation of miRNA-9 on oligodendrocyte lineage gene 1 during hypoxic-ischemic brain damage

Oligodendrocyte lineage gene 1 plays a key role in hypoxic-ischemic brain damage and myelin repair, miRNA-9 is involved in the occurrence of many related neurological disorders. Bioin- formatics analysis demonstrated that miRNA-9 complementarily, but incompletely, bound oligodendrocyte lineage gene 1, but whether miRNA-9 regulates oligodendrocyte lineage gene 1 remains poorly understood. Whole brain slices of 3-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats were cultured and divided into four groups： control group; oxygen-glucose deprivation group （treatment with 8% O2 ＋ 92% N2 and sugar-free medium for 60 minutes）; transfection control group （after oxygen and glucose deprivation for 60 minutes, transfected with control plasmid） and miRNA-9 transfection group （after oxygen and glucose deprivation for 60 minutes, transfected with miRNA-9 plasmid）. From the third day of transfection, and with increasing culture days, oligodendrocyte lineage gene 1 expression increased in each group, peaked at 14 days, and then decreased at 21 days. Real-time quantitative PCR results, however, demonstrated that oligoden- drocyte lineage gene 1 expression was lower in the miRNA-9 transfection group than that in the transfection control group at 1, 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after transfection. Results suggested that miRNA-9 possibly negatively regulated oligodendrocyte lineage gene 1 in brain tissues during hypoxic-ischemic brain damage.

Effect of Autophagy Over Liver Diseases

In recent years, increasingly evidences show that autophagy plays an important role in the pathogenesis and development of liver diseases, and the relationship between them has increasingly become a focus of concern. Autophagy refers to the process through which the impaired organelles, misfolded protein, and intruding microorganisms is degraded by lysosomes to maintain stability inside cells. This article states the effect of autophagy on liver diseases （hepatic fibrosis, fatty liver, viral hepatitis, and liver cancer）, which aims to provide a new direction for the treatment of liver diseases.

Petrogenesis of basaltic shergottite NWA 8656

Most basaltic shergottites are too Mg-rich to represent parent melt compositions because they contain some cumulus pyroxenes. However, basaltic shergottite Northwest Africa(NWA) 8656 with subophitic texture can be used as the parent melt composition in petrogenetic studies because it contains no or rare cumulus pyroxenes. Its pyroxene cores(Mg# 66-68, the most magnesian) are in equilibrium with the bulk rock composition based on major(Fe-Mg) and trace elements(REE—rare earth elements).The patchy zoning of pyroxenes has been interpreted as reflecting a two-stage crystallization history: 1) crystallization of Mg-rich pyroxene cores at depth(50 km, the base of Martian crust), 2) crystallization of Fe-rich pyroxene rims at the shallow depth near the Martian surface with a fast cooling history. The crystallization of Fe-rich pyroxenes and the existence of different symplectites indicate that NWA 8656 underwent eruption. The oxygen fugacity of NWA 8656(QFM –0.9±0.5) suggests an oxidized condition at the late-stage crystallization process, and the CI-normalized REE patterns of different minerals show enrichment in LREE, compared to that of depleted shergottites. Both of these observations suggest a relatively ITE(incompatible trace elements)-enriched signature of NWA 8656, similar to those of other enriched shergottites. The REE compositions of augite core and rim and plagioclase can be successfully reproduced by progressive crystallization without exogenous components, which indicates a closed magmatic system for NWA 8656. Consequently, we conclude that the ITE-enriched signature of NWA 8656 is inherited from an enriched mantle source rather than caused by crustal assimilation. Moreover, partial melting of depleted Martian mantle could not directly yield magmas that have geochemical characteristics similar to enriched shergottite parent magmas, so the enriched and depleted shergottites are derived from distinct mantle sources, and the mantle source of enriched shergottites would be expected to contain ilmenite.

Immune cell membrane-based biomimetic nanomedicine for treating cancer metastasis

Metastasis is the leading cause of cancer-related death.Despite extensive treatment,the prognosis for patients with metastatic cancer remains poor.In addition to conventional surgical resection,radiotherapy,immunotherapy,chemotherapy,and targeted therapy,various nanobiomaterials have attracted attention for their enhanced antitumor performance and low off-target effects.However,nanomedicines exhibit certain limitations in clinical applications,such as rapid clearance from the body,low biological stability,and poor targeting ability.Biomimetic methods utilize the natural biomembrane to mimic or hybridize nanoparticles and circumvent some of these limitations.Considering the involvement of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment of the metastatic cascade,biomimetic methods using immune cell membranes have been proposed with unique tumor-homing ability and high biocompatibility.In this review,we explore the impact of immune cells on various processes of tumor metastasis.Furthermore,we summarize the synthesis and applications of immune cell membrane-based nanocarriers increasing therapeutic efficacy against cancer metastases via immune evasion,prolonged circulation,enhanced tumor accumulation,and immunosuppression of the tumor microenvironment.Moreover,we describe the prospects and existing challenges in clinical translation.

Dietary emodin alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced intestinal mucosal barrier injury by regulating gut microbiota in piglets

This study was to determine the effects of dietary emodin(ED)on the intestinal mucosal barrier,nuclear factor kappa-B(NF-κB)pathways,and gut microbial flora in lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced piglets.Twenty-four weaned piglets were chosen and 4 treatments were created by randomly distributing piglets into CON,ED,LPS,and ED_LPS groups.Experiments were done in a 2×2 factorial arrangement and maintained for 21 d.Dietary treatment(a basal diet or 300 mg/kg ED)and immunological challenge(LPS or sterile saline)were 2 major factors.Intraperitoneal injections of LPS or sterilized saline were given to piglets on d 21.Six hours after the LPS challenge,all piglets were euthanized for sample collection and analysis.The results showed that piglets of the ED_LPS group had higher(P<0.05)villus height to crypt depth ratio(VCR),and lower(P<0.05)plasma D-lactate and diamine oxidase(DAO)than the LPS group.Furthermore,ED inhibited(P<0.05)the decrease of glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px)and catalase(CAT)activities and increase of malonaldehyde level(P<0.05)in jejunal mucosa induced by LPS.The mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes(IL-6,IL-1β,and TNF-a)were significantly reduced(P<0.05),and the mRNA levels of antioxidant enzyme genes(GPX-1,SOD2 and CAT),as well as protein and mRNA levels of tight junction proteins(occludin,claudin-1,and ZO-1),were also significantly increased(P<0.05)by ED addition in LPS-induced piglets.Meanwhile,ED supplementation significantly decreased the LPS-induced protein levels of cyclooxygenase-2 and phosphorylation levels of NF-κB p65and IκBa in jejunal mucosa.Emodin had a significant effect on the composition of gut microbial flora at various taxonomic positions as indicated by 16S RNA sequencing.The acetic acid,isobutyric acid,valeric acid,and isovaleric acid concentrations in the cecum were also increased by ED addition in pigs(P<0.05).Furthermore,the correlation analysis revealed that some intestinal microbiota had a potential relationship with jejunal VCR,plasma D-lactate and DAO,jejunal mucosa GSH-Px and CAT activity,and cecal short-chain fatty acid concentration.These data suggest that ED is effective in alleviating LPSinduced intestinal mucosal barrier injury by modulating gut microbiota in piglets.

Disease Burden Attributable to PM_(2.5) Exposure in China from 2000 to 2016

Long-term exposure to ambient fine particulate matter(PM_(2.5))has slowly increased both the morbidity and mortality among Chinese people;becoming a leading problem for public health efforts.In this study,the exposure-response function was used to derive the spatial-temporal dynamics of disease burden attributable to PM_(2.5) pollution in China.It was found that the economic loss attributable to PM(2.5) increased by 93% from 35 billion Chinese yuan to 536 billion Chinese yuan within the period of 16 years.Digging further,a substantiate level of regional difierences was discovered with the disease burden being the most severe in East China and the least severe in Northwest China.This article can provide more insights for future air pollution control in China.

Asymmetrically coordinated single atom Cu catalyst with unsaturated C-Cu-N structure for CO_(2) reduction to CO

Single atom catalysts(SACs)play a crucial role in energy catalysis due to their distinct coordination environment and high atomic utilization efficiency.This study focuses on the synthesis of a monatomic Cu catalyst with Cu-N1C1 coordination anchored to N-doped Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x) MXene(Cu SA@N-Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x))to achieve efficient reduction of CO_(2) to CO.Detailed characterization,including morphology and multispectral analysis,confirmed the uniform distribution of asymmetrically coordinated Cu atoms in unsaturated C-Cu-N bridge fragments on Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x).The Cu SA@N-Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x) catalyst exhibited an excellent CO selectivity with Faraday efficiency of 97.4%at-0.58 V vs.reversible hydrogen electrode(RHE)and satisfactory durability.The in situ X-ray absorption fine structure(XAFS)results confirmed that the carbon dioxide reduction reaction(CO_(2)RR)product distribution is mainly affected by potential-dependent valence change of Cu species.These findings highlight the extensive potential of tuning coordination structure of MXene-based single-atom catalysts for CO_(2) reduction reactions.

Natural keratin-based Fe-S_(1)N_(3) single atom catalyst for insights into the coordination regulation effect of Fenton-like catalysis with high efficiency

Single atom catalysts(SACs)have attracted great attention,yet the quest for highly-efficient catalysts is driven by the current obstacles of ambiguous structure-performance relationship.Here,we report a nature keratin-based Fe-S_(1)N_(3)SACs with ultrathin two-dimensional(2D)porous carbon nanosheets structure,by controlling the active center through the precise coordination of sulfur and nitrogen.Compared with natural silk-based Fe-N_(4) catalyst,the Fe-S_(1)N_(3)SACs exhibit excellent Fenton-like oxidation degradation ability.X-ray absorption fine structure(XAFS)and electron paramagnetic resonance(EPR)results confirm that S doping is conducive to electron transfer,to accurately generate·OH with high oxidative degradation capacity at the active site.Therefore,the optimized Fe-S_(1)N_(3)catalyst showed higher oxidation degradation activity for organic pollutant substrates(methylene blue(MB),Rhodamine B(RhB)and phenol),significantly superior to Fe-N_(4) samples.This work is devoted to the treatment and application of natural fibers,which provides a novel method for the synthesis of SACs and the regulation of atomic coordination environment.

Impact history and origin of lunar meteorite Northwest Africa 15528

No samples from the Moon’s far side have been returned to Earth.Thus,lunar meteorite study can deepen the understanding of the Moon’s far side(if we can identify which lunar meteorites came from the Moon’s far side).The Northwest Africa(NWA)15528 meteorite is a lunar feldspathic regolith breccia meteorite and we speculated it might originate from the Feldspathic Highlands Terrane(FHT)on the far side of the Moon.Here,we report detailed petrography,major and trace elements,and noble gas(He,Ne,and Ar)isotopes for the clasts and matrix,respectively.The results show that the NWA 15528 lunar meteorite contains diverse clasts,including anorthosite,granulite,basalt,and impact melt clasts.The coarse,wellcrystallized,uniform chemical composition minerals may come from intrusive plutonic rocks.Among the anorthosite clasts,the norite/olivine clasts originate from the deep lunar crust,whereas the other anorthosite clasts are from lunar highlands.The Sm concentrations in NWA 15528 were similar to those in the fourth group of Apollo 16 melt samples,demonstrating that NWA 15528 has a typical plagioclase highland meteorite composition.Compared with the Apollo sample data and remote sensing results,the chemical composition of NWA 15528 indicated strong affinities with the FHT area and ferroan anorthosite(FAN)material from the far side of the Moon.The noble gas isotopic composition of NWA 15528 is consistent with a binary mixture of solar wind and cosmogenic components;during stepwise pyrolytic extractions,we observed that the abundance of cosmogenic components decreased,whereas that of solar wind components increased with increasing temperature.The average cosmic-ray exposure(CRE)age of the matrix and granulite is 42±6 Ma,with a shielding depth in the same range of 10-20 g cm^(−2).The gas retention age of NWA 15528 is 2.14 Ga,and the antiquity age of NWA 15528 is(0.69-0.74)±0.2 Ga(considering 50%40Arm is 40Artrap)which indicates the different clasts of NWA 15528 are assembled after 0.69-0.74 Ga.

A sleep staging model for the sleep environment control based on machine learning

To date,dynamic sleep environment has been attracted the focus of researchers.Owing to the individual difference on sleep phase and thermal comfort,changes in sleep environment should be occupant-centered,and precise regulation of the environment required current sleep stages.However,few studies connected occupants and the environment through physiological signal-based model of sleep staging.Therefore,this study tried to develop a data driven sleep staging model with higher accuracy through sleep experiments collecting information.Raw database was processed and selected efficiently according to the characteristics of physiological signals.Finally,the sleep staging model with an average accuracy of 93.9%was built,and other mean indicators(precision:82.5%,recall:83.1%,F1 score:82.8%)performed well.The features adopted by model were found to come from different brain regions,and the global brain signals were suggested to play an important role in the construction of sleep staging model.Moreover,the computational processing of physiology signals should consider their characteristics,i.e.,time domain,frequency domain,time-frequency domain and nonlinear characteristics.The model obtained in this study may deliver a credible reference to advance the research on control of sleep environment.

Singularities of Three-Dimensional Cubic Piezoelectric Quasicrystal Composite Wedges and Spaces

In this paper,the planar problems of three-dimensional(3D)cubic piezoelectric quasicrystal composite wedges and spaces are investigated.The study focuses on the singular behaviors of interface corner and interface crack of composite wedges and spaces.To research the stress singularities,the stress function is assumed to have the exponential form.Based on the Stroh formalism and Barnett–Lothe matrices,we derive a crucial matrix concerned with material properties and wedge angle and obtain the transcendental equation determining the singular orders by simple multiplication of the crucial matrix.Numerical examples of the singular orders are given for some general cases including single,bi-material,and tri-material wedges and spaces under different boundary conditions.The correctness of numerical results is verified by comparison with the existing results of piezoelectric material.Numerical results show that the phonon field,phason field,electric field,material properties,and boundary conditions have great influences on singularities.

三维立方准晶椭球夹杂的Eshelby张量

准晶颗粒增强复合材料具有优异的物化性能和应用前景.不同于传统的各向同性材料,三维立方准晶体材料包含声子场,相位子场,及声子-相位子耦合场.为更好地研究准晶体颗粒夹杂问题,揭示准晶体材料夹杂问题的物理现象,论文利用本征应变公式和柯西留数定理,考虑椭球体夹杂,获得了三维立方准晶材料夹杂问题的Eshelby张量,并给出了统一的表达式.进而,当三维立方准晶夹杂形状为球形、棒状、扁平状和带状时,获得了封闭形式的三维立方准晶Eshelby张量表达式.同时,给出了椭球体长径比变化时Eshelby张量的变化规律,这对研究准晶体颗粒夹杂问题具有重要的理论意义.

A review of road extraction from remote sensing images

As a significant role for traffic management, city planning, road monitoring, GPS navigation and map updating, the technology of road extraction from a remote sensing （RS） image has been a hot research topic in recent years. In this paper, after analyzing different road features and road models, the road extraction methods were classified into the classification-based methods, knowledge-based methods, mathematical morphology, active contour model, and dynamic programming. Firstly, the road features, road model, existing difficulties and interference factors for road extraction were analyzed. Secondly, the principle of road extraction, the advantages and disadvantages of various methods and research achievements were briefly highlighted. Then, the comparisons of the different road extraction algorithms were performed, including road features, test samples and shortcomings. Finally, the research results in recent years were summarized emphatically. It is obvious that only using one kind of road features is hard to get an excellent extraction effect. Hence, in order to get good results, the road extraction should combine multiple methods according to the real applications. In the future, how to realize the complete road extraction from a RS image is still an essential but challenging and important research topic.

Fungal diversity notes 1277-1386:taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions to fungal taxa

This is the twelfth contribution to the Fungal Diversity Notes series on fungal taxonomy,based on materials collected from many countries which were examined and described using the methods of morphology,anatomy,and strain culture,combined with DNA sequence analyses.110 taxa are described and illustrated,including five new genera,92 new species,eight new combinations and other taxonomic contributions(one new sequenced species,one new host and three new records)which are accommodated in 40 families and 1 incertae sedis in Dothideomycetes.The new genera are Amyloceraceomyces,Catenuliconidia,Hansenopezia,Ionopezia and Magnopulchromyces.The new species are Amyloceraceomyces angustisporus,Amylocorticium ellipsosporum,Arthrinium sorghi,Catenuliconidia uniseptata,Clavulina sphaeropedunculata,Colletotrichum parthenocissicola,Coniothyrium triseptatum,Cortinarius indorusseus,C.paurigarhwalensis,C.sinensis,C.subsanguineus,C.xiaojinensis,Diaporthe pimpinel-lae,Dictyosporella guizhouensis,Diplodia torilicola,Fuscoporia marquesiana,F.semiarida,Hansenopezia decora,Helicoarcta-tus thailandicus,Hirsutella hongheensis,Humidicutis brunneovinacea,Lentaria gossypina,L.variabilis,Lycoperdon lahorense,L.pseudocurtisii,Magnopulchromyces scorpiophorus,Moelleriella gracilispora,Neodevriesia manglicola,Neodidymelliopsis salvia,N.urticae,Neoroussoella magnoliae,Neottiella gigaspora,Ophiosphaerella chiangraiensis,Phaeotremella yunnanensis,Podosphaera yulii,Rigidoporus juniperinus,Rhodofomitopsis pseudofeei,Russula benghalensis,Scleroramularia vermispora,Scytinopogon minisporus,Sporormurispora paulsenii,Thaxteriellopsis obliqus,Tomentella asiae-orientalis,T.atrobadia,T.atrocastanea,T.aureomarginata,T.brevis,T.brunneoflava,T.brunneogrisea,T.capitatocystidiata,T.changbaiensis,T.citri-nocystidiata,T.coffeae,T.conclusa,T.cystidiata,T.dimidiata,T.duplexa,T.efibulata,T.efibulis,T.farinosa,T.flavidobadia,T.fuscocrustosa,T.fuscofarinosa,T.fuscogranulosa,T.fuscopelliculosa,T.globospora,T.gloeocystidiata,T.griseocastanea,T.griseofusca,T.griseomarginata,T.inconspicua,T.incrustata,T.interrupta,T.liaoningensis,T.longiaculeifera,T.longiechinuli,T.megaspora,T.olivacea,T.olivaceobrunnea,T.pallidobrunnea,T.pallidomarginata,T.parvispora,T.pertenuis,T.qingyuanensis,T.segregata,T.separata,T.stipitata,T.storea,Trichoderma ceratophylletum,Tyromyces minutulus,Umbelopsis heterosporus and Xylolentia reniformis.The new combinations are Antrodiella descendena,Chloridium macrocladum,Hansenopezia retrocurvata,Rhodofomitopsis monomitica,Rh.oleracea,Fuscoporia licnoides,F.scruposa and Ionopezia gerardii.A new sequenced species(Graphis supracola),one new host(Aplosporella prunicola)and three new geographical records(Golovinomyces monardae,Paradictyoarthrinium diffractum and Prosthemium betulinum),are reported.