Air pollution and liver cancer: A systematic review

Air pollution has previously been linked to several adverse health outcomes, but the potential association between air pollution and liver cancer remains unclear. We searched Pub Med, EMBASE, and Web of Science from inception to 10 October 2021, and manually reviewed the references of relevant papers to further identify any related literature investigating possible associations between air pollution and liver cancer. Risk estimates values were represented by statistical associations based on quantitative analyses. A total of 13cohort studies obtained from 11 articles were included, with 10,961,717 participants. PM_(2.5)was the most frequently examined pollutant(included in 11 studies), followed by NO_(2)and NOx(included in 6 studies), and fewer studies focused on other pollutants(PM_(2.5)absorbance,PM_(10), PM_(2.5–10), O_(3), and BC). In all the 16 associations for liver cancer mortality, 14 associations reported the effect of PM_(2.5)on liver cancer mortality. Eight associations on PM_(2.5)were significant, showing a suggestive association between PM_(2.5)and liver cancer mortality. Among24 associations shown by risk estimates for liver cancer incidence, most associations were not statistically significant. For other air pollutants, no positive associations were presented in these studies. PM_(2.5)was the most frequently examined pollutant, followed by NO_(2)and NOx, and fewer studies focused on other pollutants. PM_(2.5)was associated with liver cancer mortality, but there was no association for other air pollutants. Future research should use advanced statistical methods to further assess the impact of multiple air pollutants on liver cancer in the changing socio-environmental context.

Cesarean section and risk of childhood leukemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background A large number of studies pointed that being delivered by cesarean section(CS)would affect the health outcomes of offspring,however,whether CS would affect the risk of childhood leukemia remained uncertain.This study conducted a meta-analysis to quantitatively evaluate whether being delivered by CS would influence the onset of childhood leukemia.Methods PubMed,Embase and Web of Science databases were searched from 3rd June,1950 to 13th October,2019 to identify the literature,which examined the relationship between CS and childhood leukemia.This study used Newcastle-Ottawa Scale to assess the quality of literature.Subgroup analyses were conducted on region,mode of delivery,design of the study and number of confounders adjusted.Egger's test and Begg's test were performed to evaluate possible publication bias.Results The pooled odds ratio(OR)estimates illustrated that children delivered by CS had a higher risk of developing leukemia[OR 1.10,95%confidence interval(CI)1.04-1.17,P=0.002]and lymphoblastic leukemia(OR 1.12,95%CI 1.03-1.23,P=0.009),while a significant association for myeloid leukemia was not observed(OR 1.05,95%CI 0.92-1.20,P=0.451).Results of subgroup analyses indicated that elective CS would increase the risk of childhood lymphoblastic leukemia(OR 1.16,95%CI 1.06-1.27,P=0.002).However,a statistical relationship between emergency CS and lymphoblastic leukemia was not observed(OR 1.07,95%CI 0.93-1.23,P=0.364).Conclusions CS would increase the risk of childhood lymphoblastic leukemia.It is worth noting that subgroup analyses shows that elective CS rather than emergency CS increases the risk of lymphoblastic leukemia in offspring.

时延混成系统的切换控制器合成

如何设计安全、可靠的信息物理融合系统是计算机科学和控制理论面临的一个重大挑战.时延现象在信息物理融合系统中普遍存在,时延对系统的稳定性、安全性和控制性能具有实质性影响.但是在已有时延系统验证和控制器合成的工作中往往忽略时延因素,这会导致在不考虑时延情况下能保证稳定和安全的系统在实际运行时因为时延原因而不再稳定和安全.因为时延使得系统的行为演化不仅与当前状态有关,还依赖于系统的历史状态,所以时延混成系统的验证和控制合成更加困难.本文研究信息物理融合系统在考虑时延情形下切换控制器合成问题,提出基于不变式生成技术的控制器合成方法.首先,利用谱分析和线性化技术将时延系统的微分不变式生成问题归结为有界时间的可达集计算问题;然后,提出基于抽象精化的算法计算时延系统有界时间可达集的上近似;最后,实现本文算法并使用实例验证该方法的有效性.

Noncanonical autophagy in systemic lupus erythematosus

Background:Noncanonical autophagy is generally described as a lysosomal degradation process that requires only a subset of the core autophagy-related proteins to form functional autophagosomes.Review:Accumulating evidence implicates noncanonical autophagy pathways in expanding the versatility of the immune system via regulation of functions that include antigen presentation,dead cell clearance,inflammatory cytokine production,and immune cell homeostasis.In this review,we use microtubuleassociated protein 1 light chain 3-associated phagocytosis(LAP)as an example of noncanonical autophagy,describing its distinctive molecular machinery and highlighting recent advances in its functioning in immunity.We also discuss the direct and indirect evidence supporting the pathogenic significance of abnormal levels of LAP in systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE).Future Perspectives:A better understanding of the role of noncanonical autophagy in SLE may reveal crucial information about the disease pathology,providing direction for therapeutic developments and improved prognosis.

Current status and perspectives in environmental oncology

Cancer stands as a leading global cause of death,with its etiology characterized by complexity and multifaceted factors.Growing research indicates a strong correlation between environmental factors and cancer incidence,underscoring the critical importance of intervening in environmental risk factors to mitigate cancer occurrence.Despite this,specialized research institutions focusing on the intersection of environment and cancer remain scarce,with global investment in cancer prevention significantly trailing behind efforts in diagnosis and treatment.Against the backdrop of rapid global climate change,industrialization,urbanization,aging populations,and the globalization of lifestyles,we proposed the concept ofEnvironmental Oncology(EO)to address these challenges.We discussed the rationale and necessity of developing EO and presented a comprehensive research framework focusing on cancer prevention and treatment.Future EO research will aim to identify cancer causes and implement early prevention strategies using advanced scientific technologies and methods.By emphasizing multidisciplinary collaboration and integrating molecular biology at the micro level,EO will explore the relationship between external and internal environments and cancer.EO will identify potential therapeutic targets by studying the pathways through which environmental exposures lead to carcinogenesis.EO will develop early warning systems and disseminate research findings by collecting big data,employing robust statistical models,and establishing research centers.