Response of root traits of Reaumuria soongorica and Salsola passerina to facilitation

C3 plant Reaumuria soongorica and C4 plant Salsola passerina are super xerophytes and coexist in a mixed community in either isolated or associated growth, and interspecific facilitation occurs in associated growth. In the present study, the root traits including root distribution, root length（RL）, root surface area（RSA）, root weight（RW） and specific root length（SRL） of both species in two growth forms were investigated to clarify their response to facilitation in associated growth. Six isolated plants of each species, as well as six associated plants similar in size and development were selected during the plant growing season, and their roots were excavated at 0–10, 10–20, 20–30, 30–40 and 40–50 cm soil depths at the end of the growing season. All the roots of each plant were separated into the two categories of fine roots（2 mm diameter） and coarse roots（≥2 mm diameter）. Root traits such as RL and RSA in the fine and coarse roots were obtained by the root analyzing system WinRHIZO. Most of the coarse roots in R. soongorica and S. passerina were distributed in the top 10 cm of the soil in both growth forms, whereas the fine roots of the two plant species were found mainly in the 10–20 and 20–30 cm soil depths in isolated growth, respectively. However, the fine roots of both species were mostly overlapped in 10–20 cm soil depth in associated growth. The root/canopy ratios of both species reduced, whereas the ratios of their fine roots to coarse roots in RL increased, and both species had an increased SRL in the fine roots in associated growth. In addition, there was the increase in RL of fine roots and content of root N for S. passerina in associated growth. Taken together, the root growth of S. passerina was facilitated for water and nutrient exploration under the interaction of the overlapped roots in both species in associated growth, and higher SRL allowed both species to more effectively adapt to the infertile soil in the desert ecosystem.

A Distributed LRTCO Algorithm in Large-Scale DVE Multimedia Systems

In the large-scale Distributed Virtual Environment(DVE)multimedia systems,one of key challenges is to distributedly preserve causal order delivery of messages in real time.Most of the existing causal order control approaches with real-time constraints use vector time as causal control information which is closely coupled with system scales.As the scale expands,each message is attached a large amount of control information that introduces too much network transmission overhead to maintain the real-time causal order delivery.In this article,a novel Lightweight Real-Time Causal Order(LRTCO)algorithm is proposed for large-scale DVE multimedia systems.LRTCO predicts and compares the network transmission times of messages so as to select the proper causal control information of which the amount is dynamically adapted to the network latency variations and unconcerned with system scales.The control information in LRTCO is effective to preserve causal order delivery of messages and lightweight to maintain the real-time property of DVE systems.Experimental results demonstrate that LRTCO costs low transmission overhead and communication bandwidth,reduces causal order violations efficiently,and improves the scalability of DVE systems.

Species diversity and its relation with soil factors under different site conditions in a desert-oasis ecotone

Vegetation and soil surveys were conducted under different site conditions in 2007-2011 to study species diversity using richness, evenness and diversity indices, in the middle portion of the Heihe River Basin. The relationship between species distribution and soil environmental factors was also studied by Canonical Correspondence Analysis （CCA）. Results show that vegetation coverage and species diversity were the highest in the interdune lowland, and the lowest in the mobile dime. Results of the Hill＇s index （di- versity ordering） shows that species diversity is reduced along decreasing soil water content, and the order of species diversity was interdune lowland, flat slope, fixed dune, semifixed dune and mobile dune. The influence degree of soil factors on vegetation dis- tribution was soil water content 〉 pH 〉 total K 〉 organic matter 〉 available N 〉 total N 〉 available K 〉 total P 〉 saline content 〉 available P. Soil water content and pH were important factors significantly affecting spatial distribution difference of vegetation, the environmental explanation was 98%.

Research on The Software Development Ability Training With Gradual and Whole Process Based on The Deep Integration Between Industry and Education

In view of the mechanism and quality problems in the software ability training of computer majors in colleges and universities,as well as the engineering ability and innovation ability training results can not effectively meet the needs of society,this paper discusses how to realize the deep integration of production and education through school enterprise cooperation under the existing training mode.Through the establishment of a progressive whole process training system,students’software ability can be improved in an all-round way.Taking Shenyang Aerospace University as an example,it expounds how to organically combine the theoretical teaching in class with the cultivation of extracurricular innovation ability,and gradually guide students to comprehensively improve their software development ability and innovation ability.The model has been running for many years,and plays a leading role in promoting the reform of education and teaching and improving the quality of education,and provides reference for the brotherly colleges and universities.

Characterization of size-resolved effective density of atmospheric particles in an urban atmosphere in Southern China

Effective density(ρ_(eff))is one of the most important physical properties of atmospheric particles,providing important references in exploring the emissions and aging processes of fresh particles.In this study,a combined system of differential mobility analyzer,centrifugal particle mass analyzer,and condensation particle counter was used to periodically measure theρ_(eff)of atmospheric particles in Shenzhen from Oct.2021 to Jan.2022.Results showed that theρ_(eff)of particles with various size presented a bimodal distribution,which could be divided into main density(ρ_(m),main peak,corresponding to relatively dense particles after aging)and sub density(ρ_(s),sub peak,corresponding to fresh particles).The occurrence frequencies ofρ_(s)of particles with diameters of 50 and 80 nm were less than 20%,but were as high as about 40%of that with diameters from 120 to 350 nm.Theρ_(m)showed increasing trend with the size of particles,whileρ_(s)decreased as the increasing of the size of particles.Theρ_(eff)on pollution day varied significantly with chemical compositions.The increasing of the proportion of sulfate could promote the increasing ofρ_(eff),while black carbon and organic matter caused opposite effects,which may be related to various factors,including the difference of the material density and morphology of various chemical components.Theρ_(eff)of 50,80 and 120 nm particles decreased considerably during the new particle formation event,indicating that organic condensation was an important contributor to new particle growth.

Discussion of the“warming and wetting”trend and its future variation in the drylands of Northwest China under global warming

Since Shi et al.proposed that the climate in the drylands of Northwest China experienced a significant transition from a“warming and drying”trend to a“warming and wetting”trend in the 1980s,researchers have conducted numerous studies on the variations in precipitation and humidity in the region and even in arid Central Asia.In particular,the process of the“warming and wetting”trend by using obtained measurement data received much attention.However,there remain uncertainties about whether the“warming and wetting”trend has paused and what its future variations may be.In this study,we examined the spatiotemporal variations in temperature,precipitation,the aridity index(AI),vegetation,and runoff during 1950-2019.The results showed that the climate in the drylands of Northwest China and the northern Tibetan Plateau is persistently warming and wetting since the 1980s,with an acceleration since the 1990s.The precipitation/humidity variations in North China,which are mainly influenced by summer monsoon,are generally opposite to those in the drylands of Northwest China.This reverse change is mainly controlled by an anomalous anticyclone over Mongolia,which leads to an anomalous easterly wind,reduced water vapor output,and increased precipitation in the drylands of Northwest China.While it also causes an anomalous descending motion,increased water vapor divergence,and decreased precipitation in North China.Precipitation is the primary controlling factor of humidity,which ultimately forms the spatiotemporal pattern of the“westerlies-dominated climatic regime”of antiphase precipitation/humidity variations between the drylands of Northwest China and monsoonal region of North China.The primary reasons behind the debate of the“warming and wetting”trend in Northwest China were due to the use of different time series lengths,regional ranges,and humidity indices in previous analyses.Since the EC-Earth3 has a good performance for simulating precipitation and humidity in Northwest and North China.By using its simulated results,we found a wetting trend in the drylands of Northwest China under low emission scenarios,but the climate will gradually transition to a“warming and drying”trend as emissions increase.This study suggests that moderate warming can be beneficial for improving the ecological environment in the drylands of Northwest China,while precipitation and humidity in monsoon-dominated North China will persistently increase under scenarios of increased emissions.

An integrative bioinformatics pipeline shows that honeybee-associated microbiomes are driven primarily by pollen composition

The microbiomes associated with bee nests influence colony health through various mechanisms,although it is not yet clear how honeybee congeners differ in microbiome assembly processes,in particular the degrees to which floral visitations and the environment contribute to different aspects of diversity.We used DNA metabarcoding to sequence bacterial 16S rRNA from honey and stored pollen from nests of 4 honeybee species(Apis cerana,A.dorsata,A.florea,and A.laboriosa)sampled throughout Yunnan,China,a global biodiversity hotspot.We developed a computational pipeline integrating multiple databases for quantifying key facets of diversity,including compositional,taxonomic,phylogenetic,and functional ones.Further,we assessed candidate drivers of observed microbiome dissimilarity,particularly differences in floral visitations,habitat disturbance,and other key environmental variables.Analyses revealed that microbiome alpha diversity was broadly equivalent across the study sites and between bee species,apart from functional diversity which was very low in nests of the reclusive A.laboriosa.Turnover in microbiome composition across Yunnan was driven predominantly by pollen composition.Human disturbance negatively impacted both compositional and phylogenetic alpha diversity of nest microbiomes,but did not correlate with microbial turnover.We herein make progress in understanding microbiome diversity associated with key pollinators in a biodiversity hotspot,and provide a model for the use of a comprehensive informatics framework in assessing pattern and drivers of diversity,which enables the inclusion of explanatory variables both subtly and fundamentally different and enables elucidation of emergent or unexpected drivers.

Evaluation of the applicability of multiple drought indices in the core zone of “westerlies-dominated climatic regime”

Drought indices are frequently used to measure the intensity,start and end of droughts.However,the performances of these indices depend on regions and the type of droughts.Therefore,it is necessary to evaluate whether these indices are applicable for a given region.This study evaluated the ability of the self-calibrating Palmer Drought Severity Index(sc PDSI),the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index(SPEI),and the Standardized Moisture Anomaly Index(SZI) to describe the dry-wet conditions and drought events in the core zone of the “westerlies-dominated climatic regime”.The results showed that the 12-month SZI(SZI12) and SPEI(SPEI12) have good correlations with precipitation and PET respectively,while the sc PDSI can capture the changes in precipitation and soil moisture.In Xinjiang region of China,the SZI12 and sc PDSI showed that this region gradually became wetter during 1961–2014,which was consistent with increased precipitation,decreased PET,and improved vegetation.However,the SPEI12 showed significant drying due to the strong influence of the PET,suggesting that this index exaggerated the drought conditions in this region.Precipitation in Kazakhstan and the southern Central Asian regions has increased slightly over the past 50 years,but the PET has greatly increased,altogether,all three indices suggested a drying trend in Central Asia.The evaluation of the ability of these drought indices to identify typical drought events in Xinjiang region of China suggested that the sc PDSI can better detect the typical drought events compared with the SZI12.In conclusion,the sc PDSI is the most suitable index for characterizing the long-term trend of hydroclimate conditions and drought events in the core zone of the “westerlies-dominated climatic regime”.This study provides a theoretical basis for the rational utilization and improvement of the drought index,which is critical for monitoring,attributing,and predicting of drought events in arid areas.

昆虫多样性三十年研究进展

当前,全球昆虫数量和多样性均处于下降趋势,而导致这一趋势的原因主要包括人为干扰及气候变化。本文基于森林、草地、农业、水生和土壤生态系统,以植食性、访花、捕食性、寄生性、食果以及食腐昆虫为重点功能昆虫群,综述了近三十年来国内外昆虫多样性研究领域的主要进展,并分析了发展趋势。近年来,昆虫多样性的研究维度不断拓展,形态多样性研究不断深入,系统发生多样性、功能多样性和遗传多样性等研究也显著加强。此外,昆虫多样性研究的空间尺度也逐步扩大,大尺度区域性研究甚至全球范围的调查持续增长。昆虫进化历史也被引入多样性格局研究中,并随着系统发生信息学方法的普及而被整合到生态系统建成和生物多样性形成机制研究中。未来需要加强关键昆虫类群整合分类学研究、功能性状多样性、林冠昆虫多样性、互作网络结构等方向的研究。

Relationships between chemical elements of PM2.5 and O3 in Shanghai atmosphere based on the 1-year monitoring observation

Mass level of fine particles(PM2.5)in main cities in China has decreased significantly in recent years due to implementation of Chinese Clean Air Action Plan since 2013,however,03 pollution is getting worse than before,especially in megacities such as in Shanghai.In this work,O3 and PM2.5 were continuously monitored from May 27,2018 to March 31,2019.Our data showed that the annual average concentration of PM2.5 and O3(O3-8 hr,maximum8-hour moving average of ozone days)was 39.35±35.74 and 86.49±41.65μg/m3,respectively.The concentrations of PM2.5 showed clear seasonal trends,with higher concentrations in winter(83.36±18.66μg/m3)and lower concentrations in summer(19.85±7.23μg/m3),however,the seasonal trends of O3 were different with 103.75±41.77μg/m3 in summer and58.59±21.40μg/m3 in winter.Air mass backward trajectory,analyzing results of potential source contribution function model and concentration weighted trajectory model implied that pollutants from northwestern China contributed significantly to the mass concentration of Shanghai PM2.5,while pollutants from areas of eastern coastal provinces and South China Sea contributed significantly to the mass level of ozone in Shanghai atmosphere.Mass concentration of twenty-one elements in the PM2.5 were investigated,and their relationships with O3 were analyzed.Mass level of ozone had good correlation with that of Ba(r=0.64,p<0.05)and V(r=0.30,p>0.05),suggesting vehicle emission pollutants contribute to the increasing concentration of ozone in Shanghai atmosphere.

Changes in climate regimes over China based on a high-resolution dataset

During the 20th century the global climate has been shifted towards warmer and drier regimes, mainly due to anthropogenic warming [1,2]. Climate changes can notably disrupt the environment and ecosystems. To evaluate the impacts of climate change on ecoregions, the Kdppen-Trewartha (K-T) climate classification [3] is widely used because it was constructed on the basis of surface vegetation. The K-T classification system combines temperature, precipitation, and their seasonality into a single metric. Six major climate types and several sub-climate types are defined (A: tropical, B: dry, C: subtropical, D: temperate, E: subpolar, F: polar). Each K-T climate type is consistent with certain prevalent plant species. Definitions and criteria of K-T climate types were outlined by Feng et al.[4].

Ultrasmall Ga-ICG nanoparticles based gallium ion/photodynamic synergistic therapy to eradicate biofilms and against drug-resistant bacterial liver abscess

Pyogenic liver abscess and keratitis are aggressive bacterial infections and the treatment has failed to eradicate bacteria in infectious sites completely owing to the currently severe drug resistance to existing antibiotics.Here,we report a simple and efficient one-step development of ultrasmall non-antibiotic nanoparticles(ICG-Ga NPs)containing clinically approved gallium(Ⅲ)(Ga^(3+))and liver targeting indocyanine green(ICG)molecules to eradicate multi-drug resistant(MDR)bacteria thought the synergetic effect of photodynamic therapy and iron metabolism blocking.The ICG-Ga NPs induced photodynamic effect could destroy the bacterial membrane,further boost the endocytosis of Ga^(3+),then replace iron in bacteria cells to disrupt bacterial iron metabolism,and demonstrate the synergetic bacterial killing and biofilm disrupting effects.The ICG-Ga NPs show an excellent therapeutic effect against extended spectrumβ-lactamases Escherichia coli(ESBL E.coli)and significantly improve treatment outcomes in infected liver abscess and keratitis.Meanwhile,the ultrasmall size of ICG-Ga NPs could be cleared rapid via renal clearance route,guaranteeing the biocompatibility.The protective effect and good biocompatibility of ICG-Ga NPs will facilitate clinical treatment of bacteria infected diseases and enable the development of next-generation non-antibiotic antibacterial agents.

Increased water vapor supply in winter and spring leading to the arid Central Asian wetting in last 6000 years

Paleoclimate reconstructions show that the arid Central Asia(ACA)is characterized by a wetting trend from the midHolocene(MH)to the Preindustrial period(PI),which has been acknowledged to be a result of increased mean precipitation.However,a systemic understanding of its governing dynamics remains elusive.Based on model outputs from 13 climate models from the Paleoclimate Model Intercomparison Project phase 4(PMIP4)and proxy records from ACA,here we show that increase in mean precipitation in ACA can be attributed to changes in water vapor source and its transport intensity in winter(December,January,and February)and spring(March,April,and May).In particular,the increase in water vapor supply in winter is associated with the southerly wind anomaly over the northwestern Indian Ocean and Central Asia,caused by an overall weakening of the Asian winter monsoon.This is conducive to water vapor transport from the upwind regions(e.g.,Mediterranean)to ACA.Meanwhile,water vapor supply from the eastern Iceland is also enhanced due to a negative North Atlantic Oscillation-like(NAO-like)atmospheric circulation pattern caused by sea ice expansion in the North Atlantic.In spring,evaporation over land and inland lakes is enhanced by increased insolation in the Northern Hemisphere,which increases atmospheric humidity that fuels midlatitude westerlies to enhance ACA precipitation.In addition,weakened atmospheric subsidence over ACA in winter and spring also contributes to the increased precipitation.Overall,our results indicate that paleoclimate modeling is of great importance for disentangling governing dynamics accounting for reconstructed climate phenomena that might be a synergic consequence of several processes operating in different seasons.

Genome-wide association study revealed genetic variations of ABA sensitivity controlled by multiple stress-related genes in rice

Abscisic acid(ABA)is a critical phytohormone that regulates multiple physiological processes including plant growth and stress tolerance.The core ABA signaling pathway has been well established,but genetic variations mediating ABA responses remain largely unknown.In this study,we performed genome-wide association study(GWAS)to identify loci and genes associated with ABA sensitivity(reflected by seed germination inhibition by ABA)in a panel of 425 rice accessions.The seed germination assay revealed that Aus and indica rice had stronger ABA sensitivity than japonica rice.A total of 48 non-redundant association loci were detected in the indica subpopulation and whole population,and 386 genes in these loci were responsive to ABA or abiotic stresses.Eight association loci were overlapped with previously reported loci for yield under drought stress or for droughtindicative image traits.Haplotype analyses of important candidate genes such as OsSAPK6,a key component in the ABA signaling core,were performed to identify key SNPs/InDels that may affect gene functions through promoter activity regulation,amino acid variation,or gene splicing.These results provide insights into the genetic basis of ABA sensitivity related to stress responses.