Intraluminal lymphatic valves(LVs)and lymphovenous valves(LVs)are critical to ensure the unidirectional flow of lymphatic fluid.Morphological abnormalities in these valves always cause lymph or blood reflux,and result...Intraluminal lymphatic valves(LVs)and lymphovenous valves(LVs)are critical to ensure the unidirectional flow of lymphatic fluid.Morphological abnormalities in these valves always cause lymph or blood reflux,and result in lymphedema.展开更多
Vehicle-to-grid(V2G)is regarded as the effective way to reconcile contradictions between an electric power system and electric vehicles(EVs).A lot of research has been carried out to affect this,often based on differe...Vehicle-to-grid(V2G)is regarded as the effective way to reconcile contradictions between an electric power system and electric vehicles(EVs).A lot of research has been carried out to affect this,often based on different technical and trade model assumptions.The value of theresearch is dependent on how reasonable the assumptions it makes are.This paper presents a framework for analyzing V2G service development from a coevolutionary perspective in which the interactive relation between the diffusion of EVs and the upgrade of the distribution grid system is considered.A V2G service development logic and its management formulation are put forward.First,the motivations and contradictions of developing V2G services are analyzed.Then a development phase division of the V2G services is proposed in view of the coevolution relation between the grid upgrade and the development of the EV.Next,taking into account the characteristics of each phase,the physical trade structures and corresponding management hierarchies,management relations as well as management measures,are proposed.This paper provides a new perspective of V2G service development,answers the core question on how to make the V2G vision come true in synergy with the development of EVs,and gives some advice on future V2G management paradigms.展开更多
基金This work is supported by the fundings from National Key Research and Development Program of China 2019YFA0801403Basic Science Center Program of NSFC 31988101.
文摘Intraluminal lymphatic valves(LVs)and lymphovenous valves(LVs)are critical to ensure the unidirectional flow of lymphatic fluid.Morphological abnormalities in these valves always cause lymph or blood reflux,and result in lymphedema.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51507022)the Humanities and Social Sciences Projects of the Ministry of Education of China(No.18YJC790137)+1 种基金the Science and Technology Research Program of Chongqing Education Commission(No.KJ1703067)the Top Talent Plan of Chongqing Normal University(No.020303070059).
文摘Vehicle-to-grid(V2G)is regarded as the effective way to reconcile contradictions between an electric power system and electric vehicles(EVs).A lot of research has been carried out to affect this,often based on different technical and trade model assumptions.The value of theresearch is dependent on how reasonable the assumptions it makes are.This paper presents a framework for analyzing V2G service development from a coevolutionary perspective in which the interactive relation between the diffusion of EVs and the upgrade of the distribution grid system is considered.A V2G service development logic and its management formulation are put forward.First,the motivations and contradictions of developing V2G services are analyzed.Then a development phase division of the V2G services is proposed in view of the coevolution relation between the grid upgrade and the development of the EV.Next,taking into account the characteristics of each phase,the physical trade structures and corresponding management hierarchies,management relations as well as management measures,are proposed.This paper provides a new perspective of V2G service development,answers the core question on how to make the V2G vision come true in synergy with the development of EVs,and gives some advice on future V2G management paradigms.
