“条块并举”发包制下的基层治理——以T区乡镇政府的精准扶贫工作为例

【问题】有关中国基层政府治理实践的已有研究提出了行政发包制(适用于块块维度)和“控制权”理论(适用于条条维度)两种视角,但实践中的基层政府会同时承接来自上级政府和各个部门的发包。近年来,中央启动的一系列改革举措改变了既有发包制的运行。那么,如何概括变化之后的基层政府治理实践呢?【方法】以T区所辖乡镇的精准扶贫工作为个案,在实地调查和深入访谈的基础上,详细呈现了当下基层政府治理的新特征。【发现】中央层面近年来发起的一系列改革举措从三个维度改变了发包制的运行,它们包括行政权限的分配、内部控制和检查验收机制的运行,以及激励机制的设置;这就导致了既有理论模型与现实的偏离。【结论】论文提出了一个新的“条块并举”式发包制的分析框架。这一框架可以很好地概括近年来基层政府治理实践的新特征,并有助于我们理解精准扶贫相关实践中的矛盾现象。

Prescription analysis of traditional chinese medicine for COVID-19treatment

Background:Coronavirus disease 2019 is still spreading all over the world and without any specific medicine.Traditional Chinese medicine has played an important role in the control of epidemics in China and accumulated many experiences.The aim of this study is to summarize the law of traditional Chinese medicine and provide reference for coronavirus disease 2019 traditional Chinese medicine treatment.Methods:We collected the treatment plans of traditional Chinese medicine for coronavirus disease 2019 in 24 provinces of China to evaluate the basic Chinese medicine formulas,and the efficacy types,frequency,“Four Characters”,“Five Tastes”,“Channel Tropism”of herbal medicines.Combination rules between medicines were calculated by Apriori algorithm and Clementine12.0.Results:The formulas for“Relieving Exterior Syndrome”,“Expelling Dampness”,“Clearing Heat”and“Supplementing”have highest proportion.In prevention period and medical observation period,the medicines mainly have effect for“Clearing Heat”,“Relieving Exterior Syndrome”and“Supplementing”.In treatment period,medicines for“Clearing Heat”,“Relieving Superficies”and“Relieving Dampness”had higher frequency.The“Four Characters”of Chinese medicines in all treatment plans were mainly“Cold”and“Warm”.Medicines in the treatment plans always belong to“Pungent Taste”,“Bitter Taste”and“Sweet Taste”.For“Channel Tropism”,most medicines turned over to the“Lung”,“Stoma”and“Spleen”.The common medicine combinations in the recommended formulas during the prevention period and medical observation period were medicines for“Qi-Supplementing”and“Relieving Superficies”.In treatment period(mild,moderate,severe/critical),medicines for“Dampness Expelling”,“Relieving Superficies”and“Qi-Supplementing”were combined in a high frequency.In recovery period,the medicines for“Dispelling Dampness”combined the medicines for“Promoting Blood Circulation”with highest frequency.Conclusions:We found the characteristics of medicine and prescription rules of traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 and provided scientificity and effectiveness of it.More importantly,it provides reference for the development of new clinical prescriptions for coronavirus disease 2019.

Review of Clustering Technology and Its Application in Coordinating Vehicle Subsystems

Clustering is an unsupervised learning technology,and it groups information(observations or datasets)according to similarity measures.Developing clustering algorithms is a hot topic in recent years,and this area develops rapidly with the increasing complexity of data and the volume of datasets.In this paper,the concept of clustering is introduced,and the clustering technologies are analyzed from traditional and modern perspectives.First,this paper summarizes the principles,advantages,and disadvantages of 20 traditional clustering algorithms and 4 modern algorithms.Then,the core elements of clustering are presented,such as similarity measures and evaluation index.Considering that data processing is often applied in vehicle engineering,finally,some specific applications of clustering algorithms in vehicles are listed and the future development of clustering in the era of big data is highlighted.The purpose of this review is to make a comprehensive survey that helps readers learn various clustering algorithms and choose the appropriate methods to use,especially in vehicles.

Experimental study on bumps formation textured by nanosecond laser on Ti6Al4V alloy

The surface properties of biomaterials are the key factors for the success of artificial implants in the body.The creation of patterns on titanium alloys by laser surface texturing techniques can modify the surface to make it multifunctional.The evolution of the surface morphology of Ti6Al4V alloy textured by a nanosecond laser with 1064 nm wavelength in the air is studied.Laser surface texturing treatment is performed on the titanium alloy through different pulse numbers,power,pulse width and scan times to obtain different morphologies.The 2D cross-section profile shows that the morphology can be divided into three types in the evolution process of various pulse numbers,powers and pulse widths:bump-shaped,hump-shaped and crater-shaped.It is found that the effect of pulse width on morphology mainly depends on power.The effects of laser parameters on the height of bumps and the evolution of morphology are the main research points to analyse the topography evolution.The causes of bumps are also analysed.Energy dispersive spectrometer measures the area irradiated by the laser,and it is found that the oxygen content of the bump is up to 43.1%,which can speculate that the bump is the result of the oxidation reaction.

Metal surface wettability modification by nanosecond laser surface texturing:A review

Laser surface texturing(LST)is a non-contact manufacturing process for fabricating functional surfaces in a manner that improves the corresponding wettability,and is widely used in biomedicine and industry.Laser surface texturing is a facile approach that is compatible with various materials,can result in a hierarchical texture,and enables a high degree of surface wetting(i.e.,extreme wetting).In addition to surface structures,surface chemical modification is a primary factor in producing extreme wetting surfaces.This review discusses the effects of various surface textures and surface chemistries on wettability.Optimal laser parameters for the desired surface texture are based on the fundamental wettability and laser mechanism.In particular,bumps in the morphology are conducive to obtaining extreme wetting.Diverse surface chemical strategies result in extreme wetting by different mechanisms.This paper makes a rigorous evaluation of the laser parameters and optimal surface chemical modifications by elucidating the relationships between the surface structure,surface chemical modification,and wettability,and in so doing,determines the final wettability.The unresolved problems of LST are presented in the conclusion.This review provides guidance,development directions,and an integrated framework for LST,which will be useful for fabricating extreme wetting surfaces on various metals.

Tightness and sweet spot formation in moldic-pore-type dolomite reservoirs: The middle Ordovician Majiagou Formation in the eastern Ordos Basin, central China

The diagenetic evolution of the moldic-pore-containing gypsum dolomites of the Middle Ordovician Majiagou Formation in the eastern Ordos Basin,central China,was studied by means of petrological,mineralogical,and geochemical analyses,to improve our understanding of heterogeneity in high-quality reservoirs.The aim of the study was to elucidate the processes that resulted in reservoir tightness and the formation of sweet spots,to guide future exploration.Results show that the moldic-pore-containing gypsum dolomites are the most favorable reservoir in the study area,with a mean porosity of 4.96%and a mean permeability of 0.748 mD.The development and preservation of gypsum moldic pores were the main factors causing reservoir heterogeneity.Specifically,moldic pore development was controlled by the sedimentary microfacies,whereas pore preservation was related to dissolution and filling during telogenetic diagenesis.There were three main dissolution-filling stages that took place in three settings:penecontemporaneous,epigenetic,and burial.These processes controlled the formation of reservoir sweet spots.Early-consolidated dolomite deposits were frequently exposed to the atmosphere in the penecontemporaneous environment under the influence of high-frequency sedimentary cycles,which led to the dissolution of evaporite minerals and consequent formation of gypsum moldic pores,accompanied by infilling by freshwater calcite.During epigenesis,the porosity initially increased due to karstification,then significantly decreased because of calcite infilling resulting from long subaerial exposure(120 Myr),which contributed to reservoir heterogeneity.Finally,during burial the high-temperature and high-pressure conditions led to chemical compaction and continuous tightening of the reservoir,although some burial dissolution also took place.In conclusion,the variable paleo-topography resulted in differences in the intensity of pore filling among the blocks in the study area,resulting in reservoir heterogeneity.

Study of degradation of fuel cell stack based on the collected high-dimensional data and clustering algorithms calculations

Accurate perception of the performance degradation of fuel cell is very important to detect its health state.However,inconsistent operating conditions of fuel cell vehicles in the test result in errors in the data.In order to obtain a more credible degradation rate,this study proposes a novel method to classify the experimental data collected under different working conditions into similar operating conditions by using dimensionality reduction and clustering algorithms.Firstly,the experimental data collected from fuel cell vehicles belong to high-dimensional data.Then projecting high-dimensional data into three-dimensional feature vector space via principal component analysis(PCA).The dimension-reduced three-dimensional feature vectors are input into the clustering algorithm,such as K-means and density-based noise application spatial clustering(DBSCAN).According to the clustering results,the fuel cell voltage data with similar operating conditions can be classified.Finally,the selected voltage data can be used to precisely represent the true performance degradation of an on-board fuel cell stack.The results show that the voltage using the K-means algorithm declines the fastest,followed by the DBSCAN algorithm, finally the original data, which indicates that the performance of the fuel cell actually declines faste. Early intervention can prolong its life to the greatest extent.