In order to understand the melting processes that occur within recycled oceanic crust and mantle in a heterogeneous plume (e.g., that beneath the Hawaiian Islands), a series of high-pressure-high-temperature layered e...In order to understand the melting processes that occur within recycled oceanic crust and mantle in a heterogeneous plume (e.g., that beneath the Hawaiian Islands), a series of high-pressure-high-temperature layered experiments were performed at 2.9 GPa, 5 GPa, and 8 GPa, from 1300°C to 1650°C, using a fertile peridotite KLB-1 and N-MORB. Our experiments at conditions below the dry peridotite solidus produced melt compositions that ranged from basaltic andesite to tholeiite. An Opx reaction band formed between eclogite and peridotite layers, likely via chemical reaction between a silica-rich eclogite-derived partial melt and olivine in the peridotite matrix. At temperatures at or above the dry peridotite solidus, substantial melting occurred in both basalt and peridotite layers, and fully molten basalt melt and melt pockets from the peridotite layer combined. In our layered experiments, major and minor element contents in reacted melts closely matched those of Hawaiian tholeiite and picrite, except for Fe. Partial melts of anhydrous run products had ~55 - 57 wt% SiO2 at low temperature (i.e., were andesitic) and had ~50 - 53 wt% SiO2 at high temperatures, slightly below the dry peridotite solidus (i.e., were tholeiitic, and similar to those that occur during the Hawaii shield-building stage). Based on the Fe- and LREE-enriched signature in Hawaiian tholeiites, we propose that recycled components in the Hawaiian plume are not modern N-MORB, but are Fe-rich tholeiite;a lithology that was common in the Archaean and early Proterozoic. We have demonstrated that the entire compositional spectrum of Hawaiian tholeiites (basalt to picrite) can be formed by basalt-peridotite reactive melting near the dry solidus of peridotite. Based on these results, we propose that the potential temperature of the sub-Hawaiian plume may be much lower than previously estimated.展开更多
Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) is a highly aggressive malignant disease,with a poor clinical prognosis.Many standard therapies are often considered for HCC treatment today; however,these conventional therapies often fa...Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) is a highly aggressive malignant disease,with a poor clinical prognosis.Many standard therapies are often considered for HCC treatment today; however,these conventional therapies often fail to achieve sufficiently effective clinical results.Today,HCC therapy is set to undergo a major revolution,owing to rapid developments in cancer immunotherapy,particularly immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy.Cancer immunotherapy is a novel and promising treatment strategy that differs significantly from conventional therapies in its approach to achieve antitumor effects.In fact,many cancer immunotherapies have been tested worldwide and shown to be effective against various types of cancer; HCC is no exception to this trend.For example,we identified a specific cancer antigen called glypican-3(GPC3) and performed clinical trials of GPC3-targeted peptide vaccine immunotherapy in patients with HCC.Here,we present an overview of the immune mechanisms for development and progression of HCC,our GPC3-based immunotherapy,and immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy against HCC.Finally,we discuss the future prospects of cancer immunotherapy against HCC.We believe that this review and discussion of cancer immunotherapy against HCC could stimulate more interest in this promising strategy for cancer therapy and help in its further development.展开更多
文摘In order to understand the melting processes that occur within recycled oceanic crust and mantle in a heterogeneous plume (e.g., that beneath the Hawaiian Islands), a series of high-pressure-high-temperature layered experiments were performed at 2.9 GPa, 5 GPa, and 8 GPa, from 1300°C to 1650°C, using a fertile peridotite KLB-1 and N-MORB. Our experiments at conditions below the dry peridotite solidus produced melt compositions that ranged from basaltic andesite to tholeiite. An Opx reaction band formed between eclogite and peridotite layers, likely via chemical reaction between a silica-rich eclogite-derived partial melt and olivine in the peridotite matrix. At temperatures at or above the dry peridotite solidus, substantial melting occurred in both basalt and peridotite layers, and fully molten basalt melt and melt pockets from the peridotite layer combined. In our layered experiments, major and minor element contents in reacted melts closely matched those of Hawaiian tholeiite and picrite, except for Fe. Partial melts of anhydrous run products had ~55 - 57 wt% SiO2 at low temperature (i.e., were andesitic) and had ~50 - 53 wt% SiO2 at high temperatures, slightly below the dry peridotite solidus (i.e., were tholeiitic, and similar to those that occur during the Hawaii shield-building stage). Based on the Fe- and LREE-enriched signature in Hawaiian tholeiites, we propose that recycled components in the Hawaiian plume are not modern N-MORB, but are Fe-rich tholeiite;a lithology that was common in the Archaean and early Proterozoic. We have demonstrated that the entire compositional spectrum of Hawaiian tholeiites (basalt to picrite) can be formed by basalt-peridotite reactive melting near the dry solidus of peridotite. Based on these results, we propose that the potential temperature of the sub-Hawaiian plume may be much lower than previously estimated.
文摘Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) is a highly aggressive malignant disease,with a poor clinical prognosis.Many standard therapies are often considered for HCC treatment today; however,these conventional therapies often fail to achieve sufficiently effective clinical results.Today,HCC therapy is set to undergo a major revolution,owing to rapid developments in cancer immunotherapy,particularly immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy.Cancer immunotherapy is a novel and promising treatment strategy that differs significantly from conventional therapies in its approach to achieve antitumor effects.In fact,many cancer immunotherapies have been tested worldwide and shown to be effective against various types of cancer; HCC is no exception to this trend.For example,we identified a specific cancer antigen called glypican-3(GPC3) and performed clinical trials of GPC3-targeted peptide vaccine immunotherapy in patients with HCC.Here,we present an overview of the immune mechanisms for development and progression of HCC,our GPC3-based immunotherapy,and immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy against HCC.Finally,we discuss the future prospects of cancer immunotherapy against HCC.We believe that this review and discussion of cancer immunotherapy against HCC could stimulate more interest in this promising strategy for cancer therapy and help in its further development.
