Overburden fracture evolution laws and water-controlling technologies in mining very thick coal seam under water-rich roof

Considering the danger of water inrush in mining very thick coal seam under water-rich roof in Majialiang Coal Mine,the universal discrete element(UDEC)software was used to simulate the overburden fracture evolution laws when mining 4#coal seam.Besides,this study researched on the influence of face advancing length,speed and mining height on the height of the water flowing fractured zones(HWFFZ),and analyzed the correlation of face advancing length and change rules of aquifer water levels and goaf water inflow.Based on those mentioned above,this research proposed the following water-controlling technologies:draining the roof water before mining,draining goaf water,reasonable advancing speed and mining thickness.These water-controlling technologies were successfully used in the feld,thus ensured safely mining the very thick coal seam under water-rich roof.

特厚煤层分叉合并区放煤方式适用性分析与优选

针对复杂结构特厚煤层分叉合并区域放煤方式选择困难的问题,通过顶煤厚度探测、GDEM数值仿真分析和工作面实测综放开采指标,得到特厚煤层分叉区和合并区的2个煤层赋存地质模型,建立颗粒动力学数值模型,实测不同放煤方式的顶煤放出率。研究结果表明:不同放煤方式条件下的含矸率相差较小,但是顶煤放出率差异较大;顶煤厚度不大于5m时单轮间隔1架的放煤效果最优,顶煤放出率为63.5%,较其他2种放煤方式高2.2%;顶煤厚度大于5m时多轮顺序放煤效果最优,顶煤放出率为74.9%,较其他2种放煤方式分别高5.0%和1.4%;现场试验中多轮顺序放煤较多轮间隔放煤的顶煤放出率高约7%,数值模拟和工程试验的结果一致性较好。优化后的放煤方式提高了顶煤放出率,为沙坪矿后续综放工作面和周边矿井提供了放煤方式优化模型。

薄煤层智能开采技术研究现状与进展

薄煤层储量占我国煤炭总储量的20%,受狭小采掘空间等特殊条件制约,薄煤层开采效益差、智能化水平低,产量仅占煤炭总产量的10%。基于薄煤层多样性赋存条件和提高工作面单产、卸压效果与采出率的不同开采需求,将薄煤层开采的技术需求分为3类:薄煤层长壁智能化综采、薄煤层保护层智能化开采和薄煤层高采出率开采技术。系统分析了我国薄煤层矿井开采设计、长壁综采装备、智能化开采技术、半煤岩巷道掘进和极薄煤层开采技术等方面的研究现状,详细介绍了3类薄煤层开采技术的研究进展,具体包括:①在长壁综采工作面智能化方面,提出了放大采区(面)尺寸、降低采掘高度的立体化设计方法,开发了薄煤层开采方法、设备配套等辅助决策专家系统,研制了大功率、矮机身半煤岩快速掘进机及其支护机具和矮型化超长综采工作面成套装备,研发了“基于煤层条件精准探测预设割煤轨迹+三机协同控制+视频监控”的智能化开采技术;②在高瓦斯薄煤层保护层智能化开采方面,揭示了卸压开采的应力-损伤-渗流耦合作用机制,提出了长壁面极限卸压采厚与钻采面卸压增透合理参数确定方法,研发了基于瓦斯浓度调控的智能割煤技术;③在提高薄煤层采出率方面,研发极薄煤层的长壁综采自动化技术和五钻头自动换钻螺旋钻采煤机,开发了不同种类的薄煤层沿空留巷技术。提高薄煤层采掘装备的适应性和控制精度,构建智能开采与灾害防控一体化理论与技术将是薄煤层智能开采技术的研究方向。

颗粒粒径对采空区破碎煤体压实破碎特征影响机制

煤矿采空区垮落带一般由破碎煤岩体组成,在垮落带压实过程中,破碎煤岩体的破碎特征直接影响着垮落带的物理力学性质及孔隙渗流特征。为了研究不同粒径破碎煤样压实过程中的破碎特征及其影响机制,构建了基于曲率半径与接触应力的颗粒材料屈服准则,进行了不同粒径破碎煤样的实验室压实试验与三维数值模拟研究。颗粒破碎准则表明影响颗粒破碎的主要参数为接触颗粒尺寸和接触颗粒的材料参数。得出垮落带相同压实应力条件下,破碎煤岩体尺寸越大,破碎煤岩体之间的接触应力越小。在实验颗粒粒径范围内,加载至相同应力状态下,颗粒粒径越大越不容易破碎,根据加载前后的级配数计算获得的破碎率越小。进而提出颗粒配位数(颗粒接触数)是加载过程中粒径对破碎率影响的主要原因。拥有较少配位数的小颗粒在传递相同应力的时候具有更大的偏应力进而导致相对于多配位数颗粒更容易破碎。加载过程中的量化模拟结果表明在初始粒径颗粒全部破碎时,3种粒径颗粒(10,15以及20 mm)中数量大于100子颗粒的占比分别为6.7%,24.6%,31.5%。随着破碎煤样的加载,不同粒径煤样最大颗粒对应的配位数不断增加,使得破碎煤样能够承受的应力远超过其自身强度。在颗粒配位数达到一定程度时,破碎煤样基本不再破碎,颗粒配位数基本保持不变。综合理论分析、实验室测试与数值模拟结果最终得出破碎煤样颗粒尺寸对破碎特征影响的主要决定因素是接触应力与配位数。在加载初期,破碎煤样配位数相差较小,破碎煤样尺寸越大,模型相同加载应力状态下的颗粒接触应力越小。在加载后期,大颗粒粒径的配位数要大于小粒径颗粒,使其更不容易破碎。

浅埋房式采空区煤柱群稳定性评价

基于"品"字形煤柱分布及尺寸、采空区上方塑性区域边界拱角大小计算得出房式煤柱上覆平均载荷σ_(aps),结合煤柱完全塑性失稳后其邻近煤柱上覆平均载荷变化规律定义了煤柱单元失稳概率P_0。采用重整化群方法将煤柱群划分并建立为一维、二维元胞模型,将煤柱失稳概率密度函数(PDF)表示为威布尔函数分布形式并给出不动点方程,进一步求解煤柱失稳临界概率。以石圪台煤矿为实例,计算3-1-1号煤层房式采空区中煤柱稳定性,结合房式采空区煤柱群数值模拟结果,评价了石圪台煤矿房式采空区煤柱群稳定性,最后选取两个房式采空区工作面进行表土层剥离揭露实验,验证煤柱群稳定性理论计算可靠性,为相邻采区及井田内房式采空区下开采提供理论及工程参照。

基于渗流实验的三轴流固耦合离散元数值模拟研究

卸压开采覆岩的应力场、裂隙场及渗流场耦合特性直接影响卸压瓦斯的运移特征。本文根据弹性煤样及贯穿裂隙煤样的应力渗流实验数据,结合渗流立方定律提出了数值模型中裂隙煤岩体流固耦合参数的选取方法,建立了三轴加载流固耦合数值模型。在此基础上模拟分析了单轴及三轴加载过程中煤样应力、裂隙及渗流的耦合特性。模拟结果表明:煤样渗透率随着轴向应变的升高呈S形变化,在煤样内部裂隙产生前随着轴压的增加而逐渐减小;煤样内部裂隙的产生及扩张使得渗透率开始升高,且裂隙扩张速度越快渗透率升高幅度越大;围压的升高使得煤样内部裂隙产生及扩展速度减缓,致使渗透率降低阶段延长,煤样初始渗透率及屈服后的渗透率逐渐减小。

深部厚硬顶板下充填面留巷大变形分析及控制

为控制深部充填开采的沿空留巷大变形,以山东某采选充一体化矿井充填工作面留巷为工程背景。综合运用理论分析、数值模拟和现场实测的方法,分析了沿空留巷大变形的影响因素,建立了厚硬顶板下充填开采沿空留巷结构力学模型,结合等价采高原理得出了厚硬顶板充填面充实率与留巷顶板下沉量之间的关系,并据此提出了留巷大变形的控制对策:优先加强留巷侧采空区充填;提高矸石墙强度;优化矸石墙支护参数。采用FLAC^(3D)软件计算分析了在不同的采空区充实率、留巷侧加强充填段长度、矸石墙强度、矸石墙支护让压距离下的巷道变形控制效果。选取不同工程条件下的留巷区域进行巷道位移观测,实测结果表明,在充实率较高的留巷区域,采取合理的让压支护方式可有效控制留巷围岩大变形。研究结果表明,充实率较高的情况下,厚硬顶板整体向采空区侧发生回转,实测顶板下沉量与所建留巷结构力学模型计算结果较为吻合;充实率是影响留巷大变形的主要因素,随着采空区充实率增大,采场的矿压显现强度明显弱化,留巷顶板的下沉量明显减小;采取适当的留巷侧加强充填措施,可在充填矸石量不足的情况下,有效控制留巷顶板下沉;提高矸石墙强度、选择合理的矸石墙支护让压参数可以有效控制矸石墙的侧向大变形。尚需开发高强度、低成本、易施工的混凝土材料作为巷旁支护体,研究工作面单侧加强充填的矸石物流、工作面设备配套问题。

Hydraulic support crushed mechanism for the shallow seam mining face under the roadway pillars of room mining goaf

While the fully-mechanized longwall mining technology was employed in a shallow seam under a room mining goaf and overlained by thin bedrock and thick loose sands, the roadway pillars in the abandoned room mining goaf were in a stress-concentrated state, which may cause abnormal roof weighting, violent ground pressure behaviours, even roof fall and hydraulic support crushed(HSC) accidents. In this case,longwall mining safety and efficiency were seriously challenged. Based on the HSC accidents occurred during the longwall mining of 3-1-2 seam, which locates under the intersection zone of roadway pillars in the room mining goaf of 3-1-1 seam, this paper employed ground rock mechanics to analyse the overlying strata structure movement rules and presented the main influence factors and determination methods for the hydraulic support working resistance. The FLAC3 D software was used to simulate the overlying strata stress and plastic zone distribution characteristics. Field observation was implemented to contrastively analyse the hydraulic support working resistance distribution rules under the roadway pillars in strike direction, normal room mining goaf, roadway pillars in dip direction and intersection zone of roadway pillars. The results indicate that the key strata break along with rotations and reactions of the coal pillars deliver a larger concentrated load to the hydraulic support under intersection zone of roadway pillars than other conditions. The ‘‘overburden strata-key strata-roadway pillars-immediate roof" integrated load has exceeded the yield load that leads to HSC accidents. Findings in HSC mechanism provide a reasonable basis for shallow seam mining, and have important significance for the implementation of safe and efficient mining.

Mechanics of rib spalling of high coal walls under fully-mechanized mining

为了解决高煤的肋骨 spalling 的问题，围在充分使机械化(HCWFM ) 矿，我们使用了损坏力学的原则分析煤墙肋骨 spalling。煤墙肋骨 spalling 是的结果表演到某个度，发展的宏表演微裂缝。我们造了一个机械模型模仿损坏到煤墙的前面，执行了损坏参数的理论计算，在煤墙肋骨 spalling 上分析了采矿高度，原来的裂缝，缝接强度，水平应力，煤墙的垂直排水量和另外的参数的效果，它与我们的地大小和数字模拟的结果一致很好。控制煤墙肋骨 spalling 的钥匙是在煤墙中控制裂缝的开发。加速推进工作的脸的速度，改进支持的设定的负担和警卫板的水平力量，加强煤围并且另外的技术措施能有效地在 HCWFM 脸减少煤墙和控制煤墙肋骨 spalling 的损坏的度。

System dynamics model of the support-surrounding rock system in fully mechanized mining with large mining height face and its application

Fully mechanized mining with large mining height(FMMLMH)is widely used in thick coal seam mining face for its higher recovery ratio,especially where the thickness is less than 7.0 m.However,because of the great mining height and intense rock pressure,the coal wall rib spalling,roof falling and the instability of support occur more likely in FMMLMH working face,and the above three types of disasters interact with each other with complicated relationships.In order to get the relationship between each two of coal wall,roof,floor and support,and reduce the occurrence probability of the three types of disasters,we established the system dynamics(SD)model of the support-surrounding rock system which is composed of"coal wall-roof-floor-support"(CW-R-F-S)in a FMMLMH working face based on the condition of No.15104 working face in Sijiazhuang coal mine.With the software of Vensim,we also simulated the interaction process between each two factors of roof,floor,coal wall and the support.The results show that the SD model of"CW-R-F-S"system can reveal the complicated and interactive relationship clearly between the support and surrounding rock in the FMMLMH working face.By increasing the advancing speed of working face,the support resistance or the length of support guard,or by decreasing the tipto-face distance,the stability of"CW-R-F-S"system will be higher and the happening probability of the disasters such as coal wall rib spalling,roof falling or the instability of support will be lower.These research findings have been testified in field application in No.15104 working face,which can provide a new approach for researching the interaction relationship of support and surrounding rock.

Theoretical analysis on the deformation characteristics of coal wall in a longwall top coal caving face

Against the background of analyzing coal wall stability in 14101 fully mechanized longwall top coal caving face in Majialiang coal mine,based on the torque equilibrium of the coal wall,shield support and the roof strata,an elastic mechanics model was established to calculate the stress applied on the coal wall.The displacement method was used to obtain the stress and deformation distributions of the coal wall.This study also researched the influence of support resistance,protective pressure to the coal wall,fracture position of the main roof and mining height on the coal wall deformation.The following conclusions are drawn:(1) The shorter the distance from the longwall face,the greater the vertical compressive stress and horizontal tensile stress borne by the coal wall.The coal wall is prone to failure in the form of compressive-shear and tension;(2) With increasing support resistance,the revolution angle of the main roof decreases linearly.As the support resistance and protective force supplied by the face guard increases,the maximum deformation of the coal wall decreases linearly;(3) As the face approaches the fracture position of the main roof,coal wall horizontal deformation increases significantly,and the coal wall is prone to instability;and(4) The best mining height of 14101 longwall face is 3.0 m.

Rules of distribution in a plastic zone of rocks surrounding a roadway affected by tectonic stress

In order to study the rules of distribution in a plastic zone of rocks, surrounding a roadway, affected by tectonic stress, we first analyzed the mechanics of a roadway affected by tectonic stress and derived a theoretical formula for the plastic zone of rocks surrounding a roadway. We also analyzed the distribution characteristics of the plastic zone under different levels of tectonic stress, vertical pressure, cohesion and friction angle of the surrounding rock. Secondly, we used numerical simulation to analyze the range and shape features of the plastic zone of rocks surrounding the roadway, given different tectonic stress levels. Finally we used a rock drilling detector to carry out field measurements on the broken state of rock surrounding the roadway at the –700 substation and channels in the Xinzhuang mine of the Shenhuo mining area. Given the measured ground stress, we analyzed the relationship between tectonic stress and the distribution of this plastic zone. Our results show that the range of the plastic zone at the top and bottom of the roadway increases with an increase in tectonic stress and this increase is especially obvious at the roadway corner.

Auxiliary transportation mode in a fully-mechanized face in a nearly horizontal thin coal seam

On fully-mechanized faces in nearly horizontal thin coal seams(NHTCS), the selection of the auxiliary transportation mode is difficult. Generally, auxiliary transportation mainly includes trackless or rail transportation. Combined with a familiar NHTCS fully-mechanized face, a multi-attribute decisionmaking model was set up for the decision. The index weight was objectively determined with the fuzzy number and entropy method. The priority order of auxiliary transportation modes was obtained from the Preference Ranking Organization Method for Enrichment Evaluation(PROMETHEE). The results show that: the net flow of the mode can be expressed by the function of the surrounding rock deformation of the roadway, the dimension of equipment and the thickness of the coal seam; Based on the cost type index, there is a positive correlation between the net flow with the height and width of the trackless auxiliary transportation equipment, respectively. The trackless auxiliary transportation equipment selection principle should be ‘‘height first then width". Combined with the field application of the trackless auxiliary transportation in Liangshuijing coal mine, the proper method to achieve the safe and high-efficient exploitation of a NHTCS fully-mechanized face is trackless tyred vehicle auxiliary transportation.

Technology of back stoping from level floors in gateway and pillar mining areas of extra-thick seams

According to the special requirements of secondary mining of resources in gateway-and-pillar goaf in extra-thick seams of Shanxi, this paper presents a technical proposal of back stoping from level floors.Numerical simulation and theoretical analysis are used to investigate the compaction characteristics of cavities under stress as well as an appropriate mining height of the primary-mining layer based on different mining widths and pillar widths. For Yangjian coal mine, the mining thickness of the first seam during back stoping from level floor is determined to be 3 m, which meets the relevant requirements.Gateway-and-pillar goaf of a single layer has a range of influence of 9 m vertically. If gateway-and-pillar goaf occurs both in 9-1 and 9-5 layers, the range is extended to within 11.2 m. When the mining width of a gateway is less than 2 m or larger than 5 m, the gateway-and-pillar goaf in the upper layer of the primary-mining seam can be filled in and compacted after stoping. When the working face is 2 m away from the gateway and pillar before entering into it and after passing through it, the coal body under the gateway and pillar is subjected to relatively high stress. During mining of the upper layer, moreover, the working face should interlock the goaf in primary-mining layer for 20 m.

深井直角梯形回采巷道变形破坏规律与控制技术

深井倾斜煤层巷道沿顶板掘进形成的断面为直角梯形,针对该类巷道回采过程中的围岩非对称变形和控制问题,以74104工作面直角梯形巷道为工程背景,采用现场实测、理论分析和数值模拟的方法对深井采动影响下直角梯形巷道的变形破坏规律与控制技术进行研究。研究表明:非对称变形破坏主要表现在高低帮变形非对称、高低帮煤壁上下部变形破坏非对称和顶底板变形沿巷道中线非对称3方面,直角梯形巷道的典型破坏方式为高帮上部滑移;采动导致的非对称应力是巷道非对称变形的直接原因,A区(高帮侧采空+低帮侧采动)直角梯形巷道高低帮应力差异可达18.59 MPa,高低帮应力差异与巷道非对称变形呈正相关;直角梯形巷道顶板最大下沉位置向高帮侧偏移,底板最大底鼓位置向低帮侧偏移,高帮变形量显著大于低帮,变形控制重点为高帮侧煤柱;提出“联合支护+高帮补强+低帮卸压”的巷道围岩控制方法满足安全生产要求,现场应用效果较好。

煤矿井下煤矸智能分选与充填技术及工程应用

我国中东部煤矿开采已全面进入深部开采,深部开采过程中原煤中矸石运输提升与地面排放严重制约矿区高效生产与环境协调发展.国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFC0604700)围绕深部煤矿井下洗选与就地充填中重大难题开展系统研究:提出了深部采选充一体化矿井协同开采技术框架,构建了井下采选充空间布局与煤矸物流运输优化方法;研发了井下专用的紧凑型跳汰机、水介质分级分选旋流器,以及煤矸分选智能化与模块化控制系统;构建了硐室围岩锚固承载结构损伤演化模型,揭示了硐室群连锁破坏失稳力学机理,开发了抗动载吸能阻尼锚索、锚固支护设计方法及硐室群围岩失稳智能预警平台;系统研究了破碎矸石充填材料细观结构破坏特征,揭示了散体充填材料承载压缩变形影响机制,研发了矸石聚合物充填材料;建立了深部充填开采地表沉陷场模型,研发了深部充填开采地表变形井上下多源综合监控方法与装备,提出了"采选充+留"协同开采模式与工程设计方法.研究成果应用于新巨龙煤矿,井下分选系统设计分选能力达400万t/a,就地充填能力150万t/a,为我国深部煤矿井下分选与就地充填、矿区环境保护协调发展提供了可靠技术途径.

深部煤矿井下智能化分选及就地充填技术研究进展

我国已探明2 000 m以浅煤炭资源储量中埋深超过千米的储量占53.3%。深部矿井开采处于高应力、高地温、高岩溶水压、高瓦斯以及强烈开采扰动("四高一扰动")的复杂环境,面临着巷硐及采场围岩突变、煤与瓦斯突出等灾害加剧、煤炭提升效率低等难题。科技部于2018年立项开展"深部煤矿井下分选及就地充填关键技术装备研究与示范"的研究,旨在创新与发展深部煤矿井下分选及就地充填理论、技术、装备、标准及工程建设体系。本文紧密围绕深部煤矿充填开采岩层控制,超大断面密集硐室群围岩连锁破坏失稳,井下受限空间煤矸精确分离3个关键科学问题,在系统阐述深部煤矿井下智能化分选及就地充填技术总体框架基础上,详细介绍了目前取得的最新进展。具体包括:深部煤矿井下智能分选及就地充填技术框架体系、井下矸石少量化选择性回采、煤矸全粒级水介精确分离、超大断面硐室围岩失稳机理及控制、深部充填开采岩层控制与新汶矿业集团新巨龙煤矿工程示范建设等6个方面。研发的深部煤矿井下智能化分选及就地充填技术及装备体系可为我国深部煤矿高效生产与绿色矿业发展提供新的技术支撑。

深部煤层分叉合并区采动应力演化机理及控制技术

针对深部煤层分叉合并区工作面前方煤体中应力集中程度增大对煤矿安全开采的威胁,以张双楼煤矿74104工作面为工程背景,综合采用理论分析、数值模拟和现场实测等方法,对工作面进、出合并区域时的采动应力演化机理进行了研究,结果表明:7~#、9~#煤层间距小于等于15 m时,工作面前方煤体应力集中程度明显降低;推入合并区域时,超前支承压力峰值呈先稳定后减小、再小幅增大后保持稳定的趋势;推出合并区域时,超前支承压力峰值呈先稳定后小幅减小、再增大后保持稳定的趋势;模拟分析了在峰值升高区域实施煤层注水软化措施,进、出合并区域时最大峰值分别由56.85、58.41 MPa减小至48.11、48.46 MPa,可有效降低工作面前方煤体中应力集中程度。最终对峰值升高区域采取了煤层注水软化措施,显著降低了垂直应力集中程度,解决了自正常区域向合并区域回采时煤壁片帮等问题,有效保障了74104工作面煤层分叉合并区安全高效生产。

智能采矿人才培养定位及课程体系的构建

培养智能采矿人才,既是推动煤炭行业转型发展的必然要求,也是采矿工程专业改造升级的有效途径。基于OBE理念,构建了智能采矿人才培养课程体系。人才培养目标定位于掌握智能采矿基本理论和技术并具有国际竞争能力的高素质人才,据此确定了毕业生能力与素质及知识结构要求;通过分析智能采矿与传统采矿的差异,得出了智能采矿课程体系内在逻辑关系;按照"智能感知—智能决策—智能控制"主线,重构了智能采矿人才培养课程体系。新课程体系对人才能力素质培养及知识结构要求实现了全覆盖。

深部采选充一体化矿井复杂系统协同开采

基于协同学理论,阐明了深部采选充一体化矿井复杂系统协同开采技术的内涵.结合深部采选充一体化矿井实际情况,通过调整开拓布局和采矿方法大幅减少井下矸石产出,然后分别从矸石充填实现沉陷控制和土地保护、回收呆滞煤炭资源;充填开采实现应力转移和减缓采动围岩应力集中;矸石充填控制围岩裂隙发育实现承压水下安全开采等多方面实现矸石资源化利用,从而在采充布局、采充接替和采矿方法等多维度实现要素协同.以新巨龙矿为背景,进行了协同开采的方案研究,实现了深部采选充一体化矿井的矸石零排放、地表低成本修复、资源采出率提高、冲击危险性弱化和采充接替顺畅的目标.