Image Fusion Using Wavelet Transformation and XGboost Algorithm

Recently,there have been several uses for digital image processing.Image fusion has become a prominent application in the domain of imaging processing.To create one final image that provesmore informative and helpful compared to the original input images,image fusion merges two or more initial images of the same item.Image fusion aims to produce,enhance,and transform significant elements of the source images into combined images for the sake of human visual perception.Image fusion is commonly employed for feature extraction in smart robots,clinical imaging,audiovisual camera integration,manufacturing process monitoring,electronic circuit design,advanced device diagnostics,and intelligent assembly line robots,with image quality varying depending on application.The research paper presents various methods for merging images in spatial and frequency domains,including a blend of stable and curvelet transformations,everageMax-Min,weighted principal component analysis(PCA),HIS(Hue,Intensity,Saturation),wavelet transform,discrete cosine transform(DCT),dual-tree Complex Wavelet Transform(CWT),and multiple wavelet transform.Image fusion methods integrate data from several source images of an identical target,thereby enhancing information in an extremely efficient manner.More precisely,in imaging techniques,the depth of field constraint precludes images from focusing on every object,leading to the exclusion of certain characteristics.To tackle thess challanges,a very efficient multi-focus wavelet decomposition and recompositionmethod is proposed.The use of these wavelet decomposition and recomposition techniques enables this method to make use of existing optimized wavelet code and filter choice.The simulated outcomes provide evidence that the suggested approach initially extracts particular characteristics from images in order to accurately reflect the level of clarity portrayed in the original images.This study enhances the performance of the eXtreme Gradient Boosting(XGBoost)algorithm in detecting brain malignancies with greater precision through the integration of computational image analysis and feature selection.The performance of images is improved by segmenting them employing the K-Means algorithm.The segmentation method aids in identifying specific regions of interest,using Particle Swarm Optimization(PCA)for trait selection and XGBoost for data classification.Extensive trials confirm the model’s exceptional visual performance,achieving an accuracy of up to 97.067%and providing good objective indicators.

Statins decrease the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease:A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease(MASLD)is a leading cause of chronic liver disease with a significant risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).Recent clinical evidence indicates the potential benefits of statins in cancer chemoprevention and therapeutics.However,it is still unclear if these drugs can lower the specific risk of HCC among patients with MASLD.AIM To investigate the impact of statin use on the risk of HCC development in patients with MASLD.METHODS A systematic review and meta-analysis of all the studies was performed that measured the effect of statin use on HCC occurrence in patients with MASLD.The difference in HCC risk between statin users and non-users was calculated among MASLD patients.We also evaluated the risk difference between lipophilic versus hydrophilic statins and the effect of cumulative dose on HCC risk reduction.RESULTS A total of four studies consisting of 291684 patients were included.MASLD patients on statin therapy had a 60%lower pooled risk of developing HCC compared to the non-statin group[relative risk(RR)=0.40,95%CI:0.31-0.53,I2=16.5%].Patients taking lipophilic statins had a reduced risk of HCC(RR=0.42,95%CI:0.28-0.64),whereas those on hydrophilic statins had not shown the risk reduction(RR=0.57,95%CI:0.27-1.20).The higher(>600)cumulative defined daily doses(cDDD)had a 70%reduced risk of HCC(RR=0.30,95%CI:0.21-0.43).There was a 29%(RR=0.71,95%CI:0.55-0.91)and 43%(RR=0.57,95%CI:0.40-0.82)decreased risk in patients receiving 300-599 cDDD and 30-299 cDDD,respectively.CONCLUSION Statin use lowers the risk of HCC in patients with MASLD.The higher cDDD and lipophilicity of statins correlate with the HCC risk reduction.

新型频域相关断层扫描对健康年轻人视网膜各参数的测量分析（英文）

目的:采用新型频域相关断层扫描测量分析健康年轻人中视网膜各参数生理的不对称性。方法:对146名健康年轻人进行横断面观察研究,采用新型频域相关断层扫描对其双眼视网膜参数(视网膜神经纤维层厚度、视盘、黄斑)进行扫描。通过右眼减去左眼所得参数值的平均差进行配对t检验。两眼间的差异采用2.5%~97.5%之间进行评估。视网膜参数相关。通过回归分析,评价性别和血压对视网膜参数的影响。结果:两眼的视网膜神经纤维层平均厚度无统计学差异(+0.7μm,P=0.09)。两眼视网膜颞侧象限(+2.51μm,P=0.02),鼻侧象限(+2.50μm,P=0.04),钟表位右眼2点与左眼10点(+5.85μm,P=0.002),右眼3点与左眼9点(+3.20μm,P=0.005),右眼11点与左眼1点(+3.80μm,P=0.024),平均厚度(-0.034μm,P=0.013)和垂直方向杯盘比(-0.028μm,P=0.008),黄斑部鼻侧象限(+7.76μm,P=0.003)。左眼上方视网膜明显较薄(-2.40μm,P=0.03)。平均视网膜神经纤维层厚度和黄斑厚度分别为11μm和18μm。视网膜参数在双眼有中度的相关性(0.41~0.6),而两眼视网膜参数与性别、血压不相关(P<0.05)。研究表明通过新型频域相关断层扫描发现健康年轻人的视网膜神经纤维层厚度和黄斑厚度两眼间的差异分别不应超过11μm和18μm。结论:视网膜参数的不对称性存在于健康视网膜,并对早期视网膜病变的诊断提供有价值的评估。

Evaluating the Optimum Transplanting Time for Different Coarse Rice Genotypes under Semi-Arid Conditions of Faisalabad

Continuously changing climate and availability of different rice genotypes make it necessary to find optimum time of sowing as well as suitable variety for cultivation to get maximum productivity under a specific set of climatic conditions. A field study was carried out to search out the suitable rice transplanting time for four different coarse genotypes under the semi-arid environment of Faisalabad. The experiment was conducted at Agronomic Research Area, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad and was laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with split plot arrangement keeping transplanting time in main plots while rice genotypes in subplots. Variability among treatments was measured by Fisher’s ANOVA (P ≤ 5%) and LSD test was applied to compare the differences among treatments’ means. The ANOVA indicated statistically significant differences among genotypes as well as transplanting dates irrespective of all studied traits while interactive effects of both were found to be non-significant. NIBGE-1 performed best with maximum paddy yield of 6.05 t/ha while KSK-434 performed poor with paddy yield of 2.78 t/ha. Increased paddy yield and yield related parameters of all rice genotypes were recorded where transplantation was done on 25th of June. Generally, paddy yield decreased with delaying the transplanting time. The results suggested that NIBGE-1 can perform better under the semi-arid conditions of Faisalabad and last week of June might be the optimum time for nursery transplantation. It can also be further elucidated that late transplanting causes yield reduction which could not be recommended among farmers.

Disparities in esophageal cancer incidence and esophageal adenocarcinoma mortality in the United States over the last 25-40 years

BACKGROUND Esophageal carcinoma presents as 2 types,esophageal adenocarcinoma(EAC)and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma(ESCC)with the frequency of both changing in the United States(US).AIM To investigate EAC/ESCC incidence time trends among the 3 main US racial groups and investigate trends in US EAC survival by ethnicity.METHODS Twenty-five years(1992-2016)of data from SEER 13 program was analyzed to compare incidence trends in EAC and ESCC between non-Hispanic whites(nHW),non-Hispanic Blacks(nHB)and Hispanics(Hisp)using SEERStat®.In addition,SEER 18 data,from 1975-2015,on EAC in the US was analyzed to evaluate racial disparities in incidence and survival using SEERStat®and Ederer II method.RESULTS In the 3 major US ethnic groups,age-adjusted incidence of ESCC has declined while EAC has continued to rise from 1992-2016.Of note,in Hisp,the EAC incidence rate increased while ESCC decreased from 1992 to 2016,resulting in EAC as the predominant esophageal cancer subtype in this group since 2011,joining nHW.Furthermore,although ESCC remains the predominant tumor in nHB,the difference between ESCC and EAC has narrowed dramatically over 25 years.EAC survival probabilities were worse in all minority groups compared to nHw.CONCLUSION Hisp have joined nHW as US ethnic groups more likely to have EAC than ESCC.Of note,EAC incidence in nHB is increasing at the highest rate nationally.Despite lower EAC incidence in all minority groups compared to nHW,these populations have decreased survival compared to nHW.

Evaluating the Intercropping of Millet with Cowpea for Forage Yield and Quality

A field study was scheduled to estimate the impact of intercropping of pearl millet with cowpea on forage yield and quality at Agronomy Research Farm, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. It was done in kharif season 2016. Randomized complete block design was used to conduct this experiment. It has three replications. The size of net plot is 3.6 m × 6 m. It comprised of five treatments (T1 = one row of millet alternating with one row of cowpea (1M:1C), T2 = two rows of millet alternating with one row of cowpea (2M:1C), T3 = one row of millet alternating with two rows of cowpea (1M:2C), T4 = sole millet, T5 = sole cowpea). We found that intercropping significantly effected the yield and quality of forage. Intercropping system had significant effects on nutritive value of forage crop. Within various treatments of intercropping, it is evident that treatment T2 (two rows of millet alternating with one row of cowpea) gives maximum total dry matter yield (9.68 t ha-1). It was then tracked by treatment T1 (one row of millet alternating with one row of cowpea) and treatment T3 (one row of millet alternating with two rows of cowpea) producing dry matter yield (9.07 t ha-1 and 8.33 t ha-1, respectively). Based on high grain and suitable environmental condition, intercrop productivity compared to sole crop could be selected for improving the productivity of millet/cowpea mixture in the Punjab.

Peste des Petits Ruminants Vaccine (Nigerian Strain 75/1) Confers Protection for at Least 3 Years in Sheep and Goats

The present study reports the duration of immunity and protective efficacy of Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) vaccine (Nigerian strain 75/1) in sheep and goats. A total of 105 sheep and goats were divided into three groups A, B and C. Group A received normal recommended dose (1.0 ml) of PPR vaccine, group B received half dose (0.5 ml) of PPR vaccine and group C was kept as unvaccinated control group in contact with vaccinated animals. The post vaccination dynamics of antibodies against PPR virus was studied. It was found that significant antibody titres persisted for 3 years post vaccination in sheep and goats vaccinated with either full dose or half dose of PPR vaccine. The challenge protection studies were carried out in experimental animals at 24 and 36 month post vaccination. The vaccinates withstood challenge and were found completely resistant clinically and virologically to virulent PPR virus for 24 and 36 months post vaccination. The unvaccinated control animals developed typical clinical signs of PPR and the challenged virus was detected in ocular, nasal and oral secretions of these animals. This study demonstrated that a single immunization with PPR vaccine conferred solid protection in sheep and goats for 3 years.

A Review on Hereditary Qualities Assorted Variety of American Cotton

Cotton is an economically important natural fiber in the world, whose seeds are used as food and fiber used in the manufacturing of textiles. Cotton is naturally a renewable synthetic fiber which is derived from petroleum. Restriction in conventional breeding program to hereditary change may be because of those of information something like yield revenue and fiber quality of traits. Vitally, the genome representation of the cotton for various traits is the basic need for breeding purposes. The present review discusses the issues of conventional breeding and genomics resources & efforts are utilized to enhance the yield of cotton.

A Molecular Approach for Genotyping of Hepatitis B Virus Using Restriction Pattern Analysis of S Amplicon in Pakistan

Background Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is the major etiological agent causing acute and chronic liver disease worldwide with significant morbidity and mortality. The high genetic variability of HBV is reflected by eight genotypes (A to H), each with a particular geographical prevalence. The global pattern of HBV genotypes is associated with the distribution of human population among the different continents and reflects the patterns of human migrations. Objectives This study was conducted with following objectives: 1) To study the prevalence of HBV genotype in Pakistani population;2) To assess that the RFLP system is simple, rapid and standardized way of identifying HBV genotype. Study Design & Method In cross-sectional study design a total of 255 HBV ELISA positive samples were studied in order to identify the most prevalent genotypes in Pakistan. These HBV related patients visited various hospitals in Pakistan at Faisalabad, Lahore and Islamabad. Among these samples, 214 were PCR positive and rest 41 were PCR negative for HBV. S-gene of HBV PCR positive samples was amplified by regular (first round) and nested PCR (second round). Second-round PCR products were digested by Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP). This was carried out using five restriction enzymes (HphI, NciI, AlwI, EarI and NlaIV) that identified the genotype-specific sequences. Results & Conclusion Among (214) PCR positive samples only genotype C and D were identified in local population with 21 cases (9.81%) of genotype C and 195 (91.1%) of genotype D. Hence, the algorithm adopted in this study can be used to identify various HBV genotypes.

Cap-assisted endoscopy for esophageal foreign bodies:A metaanalysis

BACKGROUND Esophageal foreign bodies are common around the world.Newer approaches,such as cap-assisted endoscopy,have been introduced as an alternative to conventional methods.Therefore,we performed a meta-analysis ono cap-assisted endoscopy versus conventional endoscopy for removal of esophageal foreign bodies.AIM To investigated the effectiveness of cap-assisted endoscopy with conventional endoscopy.METHODS An extensive literature search was performed(December 2021).For esophageal foreign body removal,cap-assisted endoscopy was compared to conventional endoscopy for procedure time,technical success of the procedure,time of foreign body retrieval,en bloc removal,and adverse event rate using odds ratio and mean difference.RESULTS Six studies met the inclusion criteria(n=1305).Higher odds of technical success(P=0.002)and en bloc removal(P<0.01)and lower odds of adverse events(P=0.02)and foreign body removal time(P<0.01)were observed with cap-assisted endoscopy as compared to conventional techniques.CONCLUSION For esophageal foreign bodies,the technique of cap-assisted endoscopy demonstrated increased en bloc removal and technical success with decreased time and adverse events as compared to conventional techniques.

A Numerical Investigation of 3D MHD Rotating Flow with Binary Chemical Reaction,Activation Energy and Non-Fourier Heat Flux

In this investigation we analyze the rotating three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic flow of Maxwell fluid in attendance of binary chemical reaction with activation energy. Furthermore, effects of non-Fourier heat flux are taken into account. Formulation is done in the presence of heat and mass convective boundary conditions. Self-similar forms from boundary layer equations are obtained using apposite transformations. Numerical solution is obtained via built-in bvp-4c function in MATLAB for the system of differential equations. Effects of ensuing parameters on flow distributions are portrayed graphically. It is witnessed that increasing values of rotational parameter lowers the velocity profile and both Biot numbers have escalating effect on temperature and concentration distributions. A comparative study to a previously done investigation is also included to corroborate our results.

Mechanical strength of wheat grain varieties influenced by moisture content and loading rate

Mechanical shear resistance of wheat grain is a significant concern for the designers and researchers related to the design of threshing,handling and processing machinery of the field crops.The grain mechanical properties directly affect the machine geometry and its operational parameters.The present study was carried out to determine the shear resistance of five wheat varieties(Locally names;TD-02,Sindhu-1105,Benazir,China and SKD-118)influenced by moisture content(16.7%,18.7%and 19.5%)and loading rate(3 mm/s,6 mm/s and 9 mm/s).However,some physio-dimensional properties(length,width,thickness,slenderness ratio,surface area and sphericity)were obtained at different moisture contents.The results showed that the shear resistance reduced by increasing the moisture content and loading rate.The average shear resistance decreased from 10.45 N to 3.74 N for 3-9 mm/s loading rate at moisture content of 16.7%to 19.5%.Thus,the maximum correlation(r=0.905)of shear resistance obtained at 16.7%,whereas minimum correlation(r=0.692)obtained at 19.5%.The shear resistance of wheat grain was highly significant(p<0.05)at 9 mm/s for 19.5%.Shear resistance decreased with an increase in the moisture content in the grain whereas deformation is increasing with the increase of moisture content.However,the maximum bulk density of wheat grain obtained at 19.5%for SKD-118,while the minimum obtained at 16.7%for TD-02.It is recommended that the design and modification of wheat grain processing equipment should be executed on the physio-mechanical properties of grain varieties.

Upshot of Chemical Species and Nonlinear Thermal Radiation on Oldroyd-B Nanofluid Flow Past a Bi-directional Stretched Surface with Heat Generation/Absorption in a Porous Media

A three-dimensional mathematical model is developed to examine the flow of nonlinear thermal radiation Oldroyd-B nanofluid past a bidirectional linearly stretched surface in a porous medium. The flow is induced by temperature dependent thermal conductivity, chemical reaction and convective heat and mass conditions. Novel characteristics of Brownian motion and thermophoresis are accompanied by magnetohydrodynamic and heat generation/absorption.Self-similar transformations are employed to convert the system of nonlinear partial differential equations to a system of ordinary differential equations with high nonlinearity and are solved by strong analytic technique named as Homotopy Analysis method(HAM). Effects of varied arising parameters on involved distributions are reflected through graphical illustrations. From this study, it is perceived that strong magnetic field hinders the fluid's motion and leads to rise in temperature that eventually lowers heat transfer rate from the surface. Further, decrease in heat transfer rate is also observed for enhanced values of thermal radiation parameter. To validate our results, a comparison with already published paper in limiting case is also given and results are found in excellent oncurrence; hence reliable results are being presented.

Difference in apoptosis-associated genes expression profiling and immunohistology analysis between Kashin-Beck disease and primary osteoarthritis

Kashin-Beck disease(KBD)is a chronic and deformed endemic osteoarthritis,without fully known etiology.As compared to primary osteoarthritis(POA),its pathogenesis still exists controversial.We performed this study to discriminate the difference in genes expression involved in apoptosis from KBD cartilages and POA cartilages.Microarray analysis and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis(IPA)were used to identify the molecular mechanisms/canonical pathways implicated in KBD arthritis.Immunohistochemistry staining was carried out to detect tissue distribution of PDCD5 and EGR1 in the knee cartilages from KBD and POA.The 23 up-regulated apoptosis-related genes with[2-fold change were identified.‘‘Role of Macrophages,Fibroblasts,and Endothelial Cells in Rheumatoid Arthritis’’signaling was screened as the most relevant pathway through IPA.The 8 differentially regulated genes were verified by qRT-PCR analysis.Programmed cell death 5 in middle and deeper zones and early growth response 1 in superficial and middle zones showed protein overexpressed in KBD cartilage samples comparing to those in POA cartilage samples.Data indicates a higher expression level of apoptosis-related functional genes in KBD articular cartilage compared with POA articular cartilage.

Non-similar mixed convection analysis for magnetic flow of second-grade nanofluid over a vertically stretching sheet

The aspiration of this research is to explore the impact of non-similar modeling for mixed convection in magnetized second-grade nanofluid flow.The flow is initiated by the stretching of a sheet at an exponential rate in the upward vertical direction.The buoyancy effects in terms of temperature and concentration differences are inserted in the x-momentum equation.The aspects of heat and mass transfer are studied using dimensionless thermophoresis,Schmidt and Brownian motion parameters.The governing coupled partial differential system(PDEs)is remodeled into coupled non-similar nonlinear PDEs by introducing non-similar transformations.The numerical analysis for the dimensionless non-similar partial differential system is performed using a local non-similarity method via bvp4c.Finally,the quantitative effects of emerging dimensionless quantities on the nondimensional velocity,temperature and mass concentration in the boundary layer are conferred graphically,and inferences are drawn that important quantities of interest are substantially affected by these parameters.It is concluded that non-similar modeling,in contrast to similar models,is more general and more accurate in convection studies in the presence of buoyancy effects for second-grade non-Newtonian fluids.