An Extensive Review of Vitiligo-Associated Conditions

Vitiligo is an autoimmune disorder caused by the destruction of melanocytes in various body regions.Numerous diseases may accompany vitiligo.The prevalence of vitiligo varies among geographical regions and shows no relation to sex or age.However,vitiligo most commonly affects people aged 10 to 30 years.The clinical symptoms of vitiligo include irregular patches on the skin and various diseases associated with this disorder.The present review focuses on the clinical effects and risk factors of vitiligo-associated conditions and the current therapeutics for treating vitiligo.This systematic review was performed based on the PRISMA guidelines and articles published from 2000 to 2023 in Web of Science,PubMed,PsycINFO,and Embase.The most clinically significant diseases associated with vitiligo are alopecia areata,autoimmune thyroid disease,Addison disease,and type 1 diabetes mellitus.No targeted population is specifically prone to vitiligo;it does not affect any particular race or sex.Hence,awareness of the diseases associated with vitiligo is necessary to control them through various medical and surgical treatments with the proper facilities.

Genetics of endometriosis and its association with ovarian cancer

Endometriosis is a chronic and destructive developmental gynecologic condition that affects approximately 10%percent of females worldwide,and is one of the most frequent causes of extreme pelvic pain.The endometriumlike tissue,glands,and stroma outside the uterine cavity are often affected by endometriosis.It is estrogendependent and frequently affects the ovaries,fallopian tubes,and pelvic peritoneum.Symptoms such as chronic pelvic pain,infertility,dyspareunia,as well as digestive and urinary symptoms often accompany endometriosis.The overall condition shares characteristics with ovarian carcinoma such as enhanced vascular activation of the endothelial growth factor,local invasion,lymph angiogenesis,neoangiogenic,mechanism tolerance to apoptosis,and genome instability.Genetic studies have shown that endometriotic lesions contain gene mutations related directly to malignancies,particularly the ARID1A,p53,KRAS,and PTEN genes.However,women with endometriosis have a lower risk of ovarian cancer than the general population,where endometriosis was seen in only 1.3%,and did not diagnose ovarian cancer progression among them.We need to look into the connection between endometriosis and uterine carcinomas,as well as the common lesions and correlations in the uterine microenvironment,which may play a role in mutations and malignant exchanges.Although endometriosis is a risk factor of ovarian cancer,malignant cells from the uterus can migrate to the ovary and cause endometriosis-related ovarian cancer.The purpose of this article is to examine current data on genetic phenomena and molecular changes for endometriosis associated with ovarian cancer,focusing primarily on the proliferation of uterine and precise cell biomarkers.