Intranasal insulin neuroprotection in ischemic stroke

Acute ischemic stroke（AIS）is a leading cause of death and long-term disability in the USA and worldwide.Significant advances in the last two decades have resulted in the introduction of intravenous tissue plasminogen activator and more recently catheter based endovascular interventions in selected patients（Berkhemer et al.,2015;Goyal et al.,2015）.

Decline in stroke alerts and hospitalisations during the COVID-19 pandemic

Introduction Patients with stroke-like symptoms may be underutilising emergency medical services and avoiding hospitalisation during the COVID-19 pandemic.We investigated a decline in admissions for stroke and transient ischaemic attack(TIA)and emergency department(ED)stroke alert activations.Methods We retrospectively compiled total weekly hospital admissions for stroke and TIA between 31 December 2018 and 21 April 2019 versus 30 December 2019 and 19 April 2020 at five US tertiary academic comprehensive stroke centres in cities with early COVID-19 outbreaks in Boston,New York City,Providence and Seattle.We collected available data on ED stroke alerts,stroke severity using the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale(NIHSS)and time from symptom onset to hospital arrival.Results Compared with 31 December 2018 to 21 April 2019,a decline in stroke/TIA admissions and ED stroke alerts occurred during 30 December 2019 to 19 April 2020(p trend<0.001 for each).The declines coincided with state stay-at home recommendations in late March.The greatest decline in hospital admissions was observed between 23 March and 19 April 2020,with a 31%decline compared with the corresponding weeks in 2019.Three of the five centres with 2019 and 2020 stroke alert data had a 46%decline in ED stroke alerts in late March and April 2020,compared with 2019.Median baseline NIHSS during these 4 weeks was 10 in 2020 and 7 in 2019.There was no difference in time from symptom onset to hospital arrival.Conclusion At these five large academic US hospitals,admissions for stroke and TIA declined during the COVID-19 pandemic.There was a trend for fewer ED stroke alerts at three of the five centres with available 2019 and 2020 data.Acute stroke therapies are time-sensitive,so decreased healthcare access or utilisation may lead to more disabling or fatal strokes,or more severe non-neurological complications related to stroke.Our findings underscore the indirect effects of this pandemic.Public health officials,hospital systems and healthcare providers must continue to encourage patients with stroke to seek acute care during this crisis.