Phytochemistry and ethnomedicinal qualities of metabolites from Phyllanthus emblica L.:A review

Phyllanthus emblica or Indian gooseberry is an integrated part of Ayurvedic and Traditional Chinese Medicines.For several decades,the well-known ancient herb has been extensively utilized in traditional medicine to cure diseases like fever,diabetes,constipation,jaundice,ulcers,biliousness,anemia,anorexia,and dyspepsia.In the traditional system,Indian gooseberry has various ethnomedicinal applications.In the Ayurvedic system,different methods of administration(anupan)have shown different ethnomedicinal properties of Indian gooseberry.Seventy well-known chemical components in Indian gooseberry have been identified through phytochemical evaluation,among which the flavonoids and phenols are most prominent.From the toxicity perspective,it is considered a safe herb in India,and is taken as a food supplement in European countries.The wide-spectrum pharmacological activities of the crude extracts and isolates of Indian gooseberry are attributed to the predominance of phenols and flavonoids.Thus,it is important to study the exact mechanism of the activity of the phytochemicals in Indian gooseberry,especially in anti-cancer activities.Extract of Indian gooseberry enhances proliferation in several cancer cells in vitro,including stem cells like ovarian cancer(OC)cells,and also has been observed to possess anti-proliferative characteristics in vivo.This review intends to explore the therapeutic potential of Indian gooseberry based on scientific reports and attempts to find the gaps for future research.

Bio-effects of 5th generation electromagnetic waves on organs of human beings

Objectives:The uses of devices of electromagnetic waves(EMWs)are increasing day by day.Similarly,the generation of the waves is increasing.The frequency spectrum of the generation of waves is also increased.In this manuscript,an analysis of the high frequency EMWs has been made by the electric fields generated due to the exposure of 5th generation(5 G)of mobile phones.Methods:Due to the emission of waves from the towers,the electric field is generated around the transmission tower of mobile phones.The electric fields are computed by the power of the transmission tower.The electric fields across the biological tissues/cells are also computed when the EMWs penetrate inside the body.The electric fields are made across the organs of different depths inside the body.Results:The induced electric fields inside the organs of the human beings are responsible for the absorption of energy from high frequency EMWs.The absorbed amount of energy from high frequency waves may become the cause of harmful effects on the life of organs of human beings.Conclusion:In this manuscript,after analysis of the computed electric fields inside the organs of human beings,it is concluded that the EMWs of 5 G spectrum of mobile phone towers may more harmful for the life of organs as 4th generation(4 G)spectrum of mobile phone waves.The energy absorption by the 4 G spectrum is lower than 5 G spectrum due to the range of frequency of waves.The effects on the pancreas,retina,skin,intestine,spleen,stomach and uterus are more than low water content organs like nails,bone,teeth etc.

Total hip replacement for arthritis following tuberculosis of hip

AIM: To present the results of total hip arthroplasty(THA) for post tubercular arthritis of the hip joint.METHODS: Sixty-five patients(45 male, 20 female) with previously treated tuberculosis of the hip joint underwent cementless THA for post tubercular arthritis. The average age at the time of THA was 48 years(range 29 to 65 years). Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C reactive protein, chest X-ray and contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging were done preoperatively to confirm resolution of the disease and to rule out any residual disease. Intra-operative samples were taken for microbiological examination, polymerase chain reaction(PCR) and histological examination. Patients were started on anti-tubercular drugs one week before the operation and continued for 6 mo post operatively. The patients were followed up clinically using the Harris hip score as well as radiologically for any loosening of the implants, osteolysis and any recurrence of tuberculosis. Any complications especially the recurrence of the infection was also recorded.RESULTS: The mean interval from completion of antitubercular therapy for tuberculosis to surgery was 4.2 years(range, 2-6 years). Preoperatively, 17 patients had ankylosis whereas 48 patients had functional but painful range of motion. The mean surgical time was 97 min(range, 65-125) whereas the mean blood loss was 600 m L(range, 400-900 m L). The average follow up was 8.3 years(range 6-11 years). The average Harris Hip score improved from 27 preoperatively to 91 at the final follow up. Seventeen patients had acetabularprotrusion which was managed with impaction grafting and cementless acetabular cup. The bone graft had consolidated in all these 17 patients at the follow up. Two patients developed discharging sinuses at 9 and 11 mo postoperatively respectively. The discharge tested positive for tuberculosis on the PCR. Both these patients were put on antitubercular therapy for another year. Both of them recovered and had no evidence of any loosening or osteolysis on X-rays. There were no other complications recorded.CONCLUSION: Total hip replacement restores good function to patients suffering from post tubercular arthritis of the hip.

Anticancer and cytotoxic properties of the latex of Calotropis procera in a transgenic mouse model of hepatocellular carcinoma

瞄准：评估牛角属 procera 的弄干的乳胶(DL ) 的反癌症性质，热带药用的植物，在肝细胞癌并且到的 X15-myc 转基因的老鼠模型阐明它在房间文化的行动的机制。方法：小转基因的老鼠口头上地为 15 wk 用 DL (为 5 d/wk 的 400 mg/kg ) 的水的暂停被喂，他们的肝在 20 wk 为组织病理学说的变化被检验。脉管的内皮生长因素(VEGF ) 的浆液层次也在这些动物被测量。描绘活跃部分， DL 被提取，石油醚由甲醇列在后面。methanolic 摘录是用非极、极的溶剂的联合的硅胶 G 列上的亚 fractionated，十一部分被获得。每部分用 tetrazolium (MTT ) 在肝细胞瘤(Huh7 )(AML12 ) 和 non-hepatoma (COS-1 ) 房间行和非转变的 hepatocytes 上为细胞毒素的效果被分析试金。最后，细胞死亡的机制被测量 Bcl2 的层次调查， caspase 3 并且 DNA 破碎。结果：老鼠的 DL 处理对 hepatocarcinogenesis 显示出完全的保护。没有不利效果在这些动物被观察。浆液 VEGF 水平显著地作为与对照动物相比在对待的老鼠被降低。当 AML12 房间被节省时，房间文化研究表明 methanolic 在 Huh-7 和 COS-1 房间 DL 以及它的部分提取 8 导致的广泛的细胞死亡。这被 DNA 的广泛的破碎在 Huh-7 和 COS-1 房间伴随。在象 Bcl2 和 caspase 那样的 apoptosis 的正规标记的层次的没有变化 3 被观察。结论：C 的 DL。procera 与 apoptosis 的常规小径由于它的可辨的目标和不干涉为反癌症治疗有潜力。

Butein imparts free radical scavenging, anti-oxidative and proapoptotic properties in the flower extracts of Butea monosperma

The flower of Butea monosperma(Lam.)(Fabaceae)has been used in traditional Indian medicine in the treatment of many ailments including liver disorders.To understand the pharmacological basis of its beneficial effects,the extracts of dried flowers in water,methanol,butanol,ethyl acetate and acetone were evaluated for free radical scavenging and pro-apoptotic activities in cell cultures(human hepatoma Huh-7 cell line and immortalized AML-12 mouse hepatocytes).Butrin and butein-the active constituents of flower extracts-were used as reference molecules.The levels of cell injury markers like lactate dehydrogenase,glutathione and lipid peroxidation and primary antioxidant enzymes glutathione S-transferase and catalase were also measured.The aqueous and butanolic extracts exhibited better 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging and cytotoxic activities in hepatoma cells than in immortalized hepatocytes.Interestingly,butein inhibited 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical better than butrin.The aqueous and butanolic extracts were further investigated for hepatoprotection against carbon tertrachloride-induced biochemical changes and cell death.Both extracts,just as butrin and butein,significantly reversed the cellular glutathione levels and lipid peroxidation,and glutathione–S-transferase activity.Lactate dehydrogenase leakage and cell death were also prevented.However,only butein revived the catalase activity.Thus,the butein content of Butea monosperma flower extracts is important for free radical scavenging activity,apoptotic cell death and protection against oxidative injury in hepatic cells.

Reference quality assembly of the 3.5-Gb genome of Capsicum annuum from a single linked-read library

Linked-Read sequencing technology has recently been employed successfully for de novo assembly of human genomes,however,the utility of this technology for complex plant genomes is unproven.We evaluated the technology for this purpose by sequencing the 3.5-gigabase(Gb)diploid pepper(Capsicum annuum)genome with a single Linked-Read library.Plant genomes,including pepper,are characterized by long,highly similar repetitive sequences.Accordingly,significant effort is used to ensure that the sequenced plant is highly homozygous and the resulting assembly is a haploid consensus.With a phased assembly approach,we targeted a heterozygous F1 derived from a wide cross to assess the ability to derive both haplotypes and characterize a pungency gene with a large insertion/deletion.The Supernova software generated a highly ordered,more contiguous sequence assembly than all currently available C.annuum reference genomes.Over 83%of the final assembly was anchored and oriented using four publicly available de novo linkage maps.A comparison of the annotation of conserved eukaryotic genes indicated the completeness of assembly.The validity of the phased assembly is further demonstrated with the complete recovery of both 2.5-Kb insertion/deletion haplotypes of the PUN1 locus in the F1 sample that represents pungent and nonpungent peppers,as well as nearly full recovery of the BUSCO2 gene set within each of the two haplotypes.The most contiguous pepper genome assembly to date has been generated which demonstrates that Linked-Read library technology provides a tool to de novo assemble complex highly repetitive heterozygous plant genomes.This technology can provide an opportunity to cost-effectively develop high-quality genome assemblies for other complex plants and compare structural and gene differences through accurate haplotype reconstruction.

Conservation Strategy for African Medicinal Species: In Vitro Biotechnological Approach

The use of medicinal plants for different therapeutic values is well documented in African continent.African diverse biodiversity hotspots provide a wide range of endemic species,which ensures a potential medicinal value.The feasible conservation approach and sustainable harvesting for the medicinal species remains a huge challenge.However,conservation approach through different biotechnological tools such as micropropagation,somatic embryogenesis,synthetic seed production,hairy root culture,molecular markers based study and cryopreservation of endemic African medicinal species is much crucial.In this review,an attempt has been made to provide different in vitro biotechnological approaches for the conservation of African medicinal species.The present review will be helpful in further technology development and deciding the priorities at decision-making levels for in vitro conservation and sustainable use of African medicinal species.

MR neurography in intraosseous median nerve entrapment

Intraosseous entrapment of the median nerve is an uncommon complication of elbow dislocation and fractures.The condition is seen to occur in adolescent age group with a remote history of trauma.We report two rare cases of type 2 intraosseous median nerve entrapment.Though the diagnosis of median neuropathy is made with clinical tests and neurophysiological studies,however exact site of entrapment and presurgical mapping of nerve is done accurately with MR neurography.Imaging thus plays a pivotal role in management of this condition.

Post-surgical evaluation of dry socket formation after surgical removal of impacted mandibular third molar—A prospective study

Aims & Objectives: This study was performed to evaluate the incidence, risk factors (age, sex, infection, radiographic difficulty of the extraction, tobacco use) contributing to the development of dry socket and clinical features following surgical removal of impacted mandibular third molar. Materials and Methods: The study included 63 patients during period of September 2009 to September 2011 in the age group of 18 to 53 years with impacted mandibular third molars all of which were surgically removed under local anesthesia by the same operator. Following surgery all patients received a single dose of 4 mg corticosteroid intravenously and similar prescriptions for analgesics, antibiotics and postoperative instructions. All patients were reviewed at 3rd and 7th day postoperatively. Results: In this study incidence of dry socket was 6.3%. We also noticed onset of symptom mostly appeared within 48 hours. Postoperatively pain, bare bone and halitosis were the most significant clinical feature at 3rd postoperative day and pain, empty socket and bare bone were most significant clinical feature at 7th postoperative day. Variables like right 3rd molar impaction, patients mean age between 19 - 32 years, female, preoperative infection, radiographically difficult impaction and habitual tobacco users showed a higher incidence of dry socket formation. Conclusion: Incidence of dry socket formation is multifactorial and therefore, there is need to evaluate all factors, with special attentions in handling these patients to reduce the incidence of dry socket formation.

On the Artificial Equilibrium Points in a Generalized Restricted Problem of Three Bodies

The present article studies the stability conditions of central control artificial equilibrium generalized restricted problem of three bodies. It is generalized in the sense that here we have taken the larger primary body to be in shape of an oblate spheroid. The equilibrium points are sought by the application of the propellant for which it would just balance the gravitational forces. The launching flight of such a satellite is seen to be applicable for having arbitrary space stations for these different missions. Specialty of the result of the investigation lies in the fact that an arbitrary space station can be formed to attain any specified mission.

Association of COVID-19 with hepatic metabolic dysfunction

The coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic continues to be a global problem with over 438 million cases reported so far.Although it mostly affects the respiratory system,the involvement of extrapulmonary organs,including the liver,is not uncommon.Since the beginning of the pandemic,metabolic comorbidities,such as obesity,diabetes,hypertension,and dyslipidemia,have been identified as poor prognostic indicators.Subsequent metabolic and lipidomic studies have identified several metabolic dysfunctions in patients with COVID-19.The metabolic alterations appear to be linked to the course of the disease and inflammatory reaction in the body.The liver is an important organ with high metabolic activity,and a significant proportion of COVID-19 patients have metabolic comorbidities;thus,this factor could play a key role in orchestrating systemic metabolic changes during infection.Evidence suggests that metabolic dysregulation in COVID-19 has both short-and long-term metabolic implications.Furthermore,COVID-19 has adverse associations with metabolic-associated fatty liver disease.Due to the ensuing effects on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and ammonia metabolism,COVID-19 can have significant implications in patients with advanced chronic liver disease.A thorough understanding of COVID-19-associated metabolic dysfunction could lead to the identification of important plasma biomarkers and novel treatment targets.In this review,we discuss the current understanding of metabolic dysfunction in COVID-19,focusing on the liver and exploring the underlying mechanistic pathogenesis and clinical implications.

设计创新驱动变革

感谢主办方的邀请，感谢江南大学的各位领导和设计学院的各位领导的邀请，我很高兴能够来到无锡，非常开心能够有这样的机会。

D2 analysis for estimating genetic divergence in different clones of Dalbergia sissoo

Genetic divergence was studied in selected 36 genotypes of Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. on the basis of seven morphological parameters. The divergence among genotypes was estimated by Mahalanobis method and genotypes were grouped into clusters by Tocher＇s method. All the genotypes were classified into seven distinct clusters on the basis of seven morphological traits. Cluster 1 was the largest with 25 genotypes followed by Cluster 2 （four genotypes）. Cluster 3, 5, 6 and 7 were the divergent clusters. The D2 analysis revealed that D2 value （39.42） between clone 5040 and clone 201 was recorded maximum. The intra-cluster distance ranged from 0.00 （Cluster 3, 5, 6 and 7） to 3.89 （Cluster 1）, the Cluster 3 （clone 33） was the most divergent cluster with maximum inter cluster distance （13.97） with the Cluster 7. By the divergence analysis, the parents for hybridization from diverse clusters could be selected for heterotic hybrids.

A Novel Binary Emperor Penguin Optimizer for Feature Selection Tasks

Nowadays,due to the increase in information resources,the number of parameters and complexity of feature vectors increases.Optimizationmethods offermore practical solutions instead of exact solutions for the solution of this problem.The Emperor PenguinOptimizer(EPO)is one of the highest performing meta-heuristic algorithms of recent times that imposed the gathering behavior of emperor penguins.It shows the superiority of its performance over a wide range of optimization problems thanks to its equal chance to each penguin and its fast convergence features.Although traditional EPO overcomes the optimization problems in continuous search space,many problems today shift to the binary search space.Therefore,in this study,using the power of traditional EPO,binary EPO(BEPO)is presented for the effective solution of binary-nature problems.BEPO algorithm uses binary search space instead of searching solutions like conventional EPO algorithm in continuous search space.For this purpose,the sigmoidal functions are preferred in determining the emperor positions.In addition,the boundaries of the search space remain constant by choosing binary operators.BEPO’s performance is evaluated over twenty-nine benchmarking functions.Statistical evaluations are made to reveal the superiority of the BEPO algorithm.In addition,the performance of the BEPO algorithm was evaluated for the binary feature selection problem.The experimental results reveal that the BEPO algorithm outperforms the existing binary meta-heuristic algorithms in both tasks.

Association of bilirubin and protein thiols in relation to copper and ceruloplasmin in hyperbilirubinemic patients

Objective:Bilirubin is a double edged sword in biological system,acting as a toxic molecule and cytoprotectant.Unconjugated bilirubin is proved to show antioxidant activity in vitro and in vivo.In the current work we tried to know the relationship between both conjugated and unconjugated bilirubin with copper and protein thiols in patients with hyperbilirubinemia.Methods:Study was conducted on 56 hyperbilirubinemic cases and 56 healthy controls.Serum copper,ceruloplasmin,protein thiols,total bilirubin,conjugated and unconjugated bilirubin,unconjugated bilirubin/albumin ratio,total protein,albumin,AST,ALT and ALP were estimated.Results:There was significant increase in serum copper,total bilirubin,conjugated and unconjugated bilirubin,unconjugated bilirubin/albumin ratio,AST,ALT,and ALP,and decrease in serum ceruloplasmin,protein thiols,total protein,and albumin in hyperbilirubinemic cases when compared to healthy controls.Conjugated bilirubin correlated positively with liver enzymes AST and ALP,and negatively with protein thiols,total protein and albumin.Unconjugated bilirubin correlated positively with ALT.Protein thiols correlated negatively with copper and positively with ceruloplasmin,and also correlated negatively with liver enzymes like AST,ALT and ALP,and positively with total protein and albumin.Conclusion:Combination of elevated levels of trace elements like copper and availability of reducing agent like bilirubin may prove deleterious by generating free radicals.

On the Artificial Equilibrium Points in the Circular Restricted Problem of 2 + 2 Bodies

The present work studies the stability condition of central control artificial equilibrium points of the planar circular restricted problem of 2 + 2 bodies (PCRP2 + 2B) and also its variant when the shape of larger mass is taken to be an oblate spheroid. We find that the paper will be of great application in choosing an artificial equilibrium point (AEP) in the neighbourhood of numerous planets e.g. Jupiter or the bodies which provide a model of the problem studied. The minimum thrust will save a quantum of energy to be applied to have an arbitrary point as a chosen starter. For solar sailing and magnetic force this minimum thrust will be of great use.

Planktonic Scenario of the River Ganga&Yamuna at Prayagraj in COVID-19 Lockdown:A Case Study

Ganga is the most prestigious river of India.The COVID-19 lockdown may have forced us to stay indoors,but it has been boon for pollution-ridden Ganga and Yamuna.Plankton is tiny organisms drifting with water current,influenced by river physical and chemical factors.During lockdown anthropogenic factors were reduced which affected water and plankton quality.Plankton samples were collected from the upstream of the river Ganga(Shankerghat,latitude 25030’28”N and longitude,81052’10”E)and Yamuna(near boat club,latitude 25024’29”N and longitude 81054’50”E)at Prayagraj,during national lockdown.In the before lockdown period(2019),total 28 planktonic taxa were recorded from the river Ganga,among them 10 taxa from Bacillariophyceae,15 from Chlorophyceae and 3 from Myxophyceae.While during LD period total 54 genera with 86 species was recorded(Bacillariophyceae 10 taxa,Chlorophyceae 23 taxa,Myxophyceae 9 taxa,Euglenophyceae 2 taxa,Dianophyceae,1,Rotiferea 7 taxa,Protozoa 2 taxa).Various species of green algae were observed in this small period of lockdown,some species were not observed since a long,like Pediastrum tetras,Scenedesmus abundans,Ankistrodesmus fusiformis,and Brachionus angularis.Various species of phytoplankton and zooplankton were in reproductive phase because river was flowing silently,without any internal and external disturbance.Ganga was more affected by anthropogenic activity and factory discharge than Yamuna So lack of chemicals in the water and minimum human interference favoured auto rejuvenation of Ganga in terms of plankton quality,diversity and reproduction behaviour.Such type of environmental changes may stimulate for origin of new species and disappear or reappear of various aquatic species.

Microstructural, wettability, and corrosion behaviour of TiO_(2) thin film sputtered on aluminium

The study investigated the application of radiofrequency(RF)-sputtered TiO2 coatings at various temperatures to enhance the hydrophobicity and corrosion resistance of Al6061 alloy.The research aimed to establish a correlation between the coating process and the resulting surface properties.Surface roughness and wettability were quantified with a surface profilometer and goniometer.Additionally,chemical boiling and salt spray corrosion tests were conducted to evaluate any topographical changes during these procedures.The analysis further involved the use of field-emission scanning electron microscopy(FESEM),energy-dispersive spectroscopy(EDS),and X-ray diffraction(XRD)techniques to characterize the deposited coatings.The findings indicated that the TiO2 coating applied at 500℃exhibited the highest water contact angle and superior corrosion resistance compared to other temperatures.Surface characterization confirmed that this specific TiO_(2) coating at 500℃ effectively delays corrosion due to its hydrophobic behavior,making it durable for industrial applications.

Cooperative Localization and Tracking in Distributed Robot-Sensor Networks

This paper addresses the problem of real-time position and orientation estimation of networked mobile robots in two-dimensional Euclidean space with simultaneous tracking of a rigid unknown object based on exteroceptive sensory information extracted from distributed vision systems. The sufficient and necessary conditions for team localization are proposed. A localization and object tracking approach based on statistical operators and graph searching algorithms is presented for a team of robots localized with het- erogeneous sensors. The approach was implemented in an experimental platform consisting of car-like mobile robots equipped with omnidirectional video cameras and IEEE 802.11b wireless networking. The experimental results validate the approach.

SAR interferometric coherence analysis for snow cover mapping in the western Himalayan region

Information of snow cover(SC)over Himalayan regions is very important for regional climatological and hydrological studies.Precise monitoring of SC in the Himalayan region is essential for water supply to hydropower stations,irrigation requirements,and flood forecasting.Microwave remote sensing has all weather,day and night earth observation capability unlike optical remote sensing.In this study,spaceborne synthetic aperture radar interferometric(InSAR)coherence analysis is used to monitor SC over Himalayan rugged terrain.The feasibility of monitoring SC using synthetic aperture radar(SAR)interferometry depends on the ability to maintain coherence over InSAR pair acquisition time interval.ERS-1/2 InSAR coherence and ENVISAT ASAR InSAR coherence images are analyzed for SC mapping.Data sets of winter and of snow free months of the Himalayan region are taken for interferogram generation.Coherence images of the available data sets show maximum decorrelation in most of the area which indicates massive snowfall in the region in the winter season and melting in the summer.Area showing coherence loss due to decorrelation is mapped as a snowcovered area.The result is validated with field observations of snow depth and it is found that standing snow is inversely related to coherence in the Himalayan region.