Highly Fluorescent Conducting Polymer Hybrid Materials Based on Polyaniline-Polyethylene Glycol-Arsenic Sulphide

Highly fluorescent binary and ternary hybrid materials based on polyaniline, polyethylene glycol (PEG) and arsenic sulphide have been prepared via oxidative chemical polymerization and characterized by FT-IR and powder X-ray diffraction techniques. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that all the materials are thermally stable up to 250℃. The optical behaviour was investigated using UV-Vis. and fluorescence spectroscopy. Fluorescence spectra of polyaniline and its hybrids were found to be concentration dependent, and concentrations were optimized to achieve maximum intensity of emission. Aggregation caused quenching (ACQ) may be the possible reason for concentration dependent emission. Hybrids showed significantly enhanced fluorescence than polyaniline. The AC electrical conductivity was also measured and found to be better for hybrids than the polyaniline. In the PAni-PEG-As2S3 hybrid, the conductivity was found to be 9.57 × 10-1 S/cm at 100 KHz. This valuable improvement in luminescent property and conducting behaviour may be useful in various optoelectronic and electronic applications.

Geomorphometric Characterization of Upper South Koel Basin, Jharkhand: A Remote Sensing &GIS Approach

The quantitative analysis of drainage system is an important aspect of characterization of watersheds. Morphometry is measurement and mathematical analysis of landforms. The present study is an attempt to evaluate the drainage morphometrics of Upper South Koel Basin using Remote Sensing and GIS approach. A morphometric analysis was carried out to describe the topography and drainage characteristics of Upper South Koel watershed. The stream numbers, orders, lengths and other morphometric parameters like bifurcation ratio, drainage density, stream frequency, shape parameters etc. were measured. The drainage area of Upper South Koel watershed is 942.4 sq km and the drainage pattern is dentritic. The watershed was classified as 6th order drainage basin. The low values of bifurcation ratio and drainage density suggest that the area has not been much affected by structural disturbances. The study reveals that the different geomorphic units in the study area i.e. Structural hills, Pediments, Valley fills, Pediplains formed under the influence of permeable geology, are moderate to nearly level plains, with medium to low drainage density (<2.0) & low cumulative length of higher order streams . Such studies can be of immense help in planning and management of river basins.

Projective Mapping and Product Positioning of Deep Fat Fried Snack

A study was carried out to examine the quality parameters of commercially available popular deep-fried snack-Mu- rukku. Eight samples (four spicy and four salty) of most commonly consumed deep-fried snacks in India, viz., murukku (an extruded strands-like product made from the mixture of rice flour and black gram dhal flour) were analyzed for moisture, oil content, CIE instrumental color (L*a*b*), instrumental texture measurement (breaking strength of murukku strands), aroma finger printing by electronic nose and sensory quality. Quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) and results showed that sample ‘A’ had highest acceptance and sample D lowest acceptance scores. The results indicated that significant variations were observed in moisture content (2.21 - 3.35%), oil content (30.10 - 34.61%) and textural parameters. Electronic nose technique was found useful in fingerprinting the aroma pattern of market samples in a short time. Descriptive sensory profiling coupled with principal component analysis showed the interrelationship among and between sensory, instrumental, chemical parameters.

Spectral Analysis of Hyperion Data for Mapping the Spatial Variation of in a Part of Latehar &Gumla District, Jharkhand

Reflectance and emittance spectroscopy in the near-infra red and short-wave infra red offers a rapid, Inexpensive, non-destructive tool for determining the mineralogy of rock and soil samples. Hyperspectral remote sensing has the potential to provide the detailed physico-chemistry (mineralogy, chemistry, morphology) of the earth’s surface. This information is useful for mapping potential host rocks, alteration assemblages and mineral characteristics, in contrast to the older generation of low spectral resolution systems. In the present study EO-1, hyperion data has been used for the delineation of AL+OH minerals. The requirements for extracting bauxites from Hyperion images is to first compensate for atmospheric effects using cross track illumination correction & the log residual calibration model. MNF transformation was applied to reduce the data noise and for extracting the extreme pixels. Some pure pixel end member for the target mineral and the backgrounds were used in this study to account for the spectral angle mapping & matched filtering and the results were validated with the respect of field study.

Orthorectification and Digital Elevation Model (DEM) Generation Using Cartosat-1 Satellite Stereo Pair in Himalayan Terrain

High resolution data have high relief displacement in hilly terrains. Development of Digital Elevation model helps to assess bio resources more accurately in such terrains. While estimating bio resources in the Himalayan hilly terrain using multispectral LISS-III data of 23 m spatial resolution, the need for orthorectifcation of satellite data was necessary to correct for spatial distances due to high undulating slopes. Therefore, Cartosat stereo pair based Digital Elevation Model (DEM) was generated using the Rational Polynomial Coefficients (RPC) supplied along with the data products. By using the DEM orthorectification of LISS-III was created. In order to evaluate the positional accuracy of ortho rectified LISS-III Ground control points were selected using the Global Positioning System in differential GPS mode. As there is variation in the spatial distances and height over few points, the GCP corrected DEM was used for ortho rectifcation of Cartosat PAN and LISS-III data. This paper presents the procedure followed for ortho rectification and digital elevation model generation using Cartosat stereo pair data. The result of the study indicated high spatial resolution stereo images helped generation of three dimensional mountainous regions more accurately which helps in estimating the bio resources using multispectral LISS III data.

Spatial Variation of Vegetation Moisture Mapping Using Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission &Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) Data

Drought is a recurrent phenomenon in Jharkhand. It affects the livelihoods of the majority of its people, particularly tribals and dalits living in rural areas. Twelve of the 24 districts of the state, covering 43% of the total land area, are covered under the Drought Prone Areas Programme (DPAP). Hunger and starvation deaths are reported almost every year. Vegetation moisture content is one of the key parameters in drought monitoring, agricultural modelling and forest health mapping. In this paper the three different approaches is described using Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission & Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) data for measuring the vegetation moisture content in a part of Palamu Commissionaire of Jharkhand state, which is prone to severe drought. ASTER thermal data was used to calculate land surface temperature using Normalized Differential Vegetation Index (NDVI) emissivity correction method. Reflective bands are used to determine NDVI, Modified Soil Adjustment Vegetation Index (MSAVI) & Normalised Differential Water Index (NDWI). The three different vegetation moisture estimation methods namely MSAVI – LST (land surface temperature) feature space identification, NDWI & Vegetation Dryness Index (VDI) is applied to determine the vegetation moisture level. The results of three methods were classified and final moisture content map was produced. The result was validated using rainfall data of study area. This study indicates that by proper pre-processing of ASTER data, it can be used to estimate the land surface temperature and vegetation moisture content and can be used for drought prediction.