The alteration of biochemical parameters leading to organ damage during Plasmodium berghei ANKA infection in mice

Objective: To investigate the alteration of biochemical parameters during Plasmodium berghei ANKA (P. berghei ANKA) infection in mice. Methods: Male BALB/c mice were intraperitoneally inoculated with 1 × 107 parasitized erythrocytes of P. berghei ANKA. Parasitemia was daily monitored by microscopy of Giemsa stained thin blood smear. Additionally, packed cell volume (PCV) and biochemical parameters including glucose, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), albumin, and bilirubin levels were also measured using Cobas 111 automate analyzer. Results: Parasitemia was increased during P. berghei ANKA infection until the infected mice died within 2 weeks, and early and late infections were separated by Days 4 and 10, respectively. At early infection, it was found that hemolysis occurred as indicated by markedly decreased PCV. Hypoglycemia and acute kidney injury were also developed at the early infection as indicated by decrease in blood glucose and increase in BUN and creatinine levels. Moreover, the loss of liver function was observed at the late infection as indicated by markedly increased enzyme activities of AST, ALT, and ALP, and decreased albumin level. Additionally, bilirubin level was also increased. Conclusions: The finding reveals the pathological condition during P. berghei ANKA infection in mice. The hemolysis and acute kidney injury were developed at the early infection, and loss of liver function then occurred at the late infection. Hence, the prevention of these pathological conditions during malaria infection is urgently needed.

The protective effect of Moringa oleifera leaf extract on liver damage in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA

Objective:To investigate the protective effect of Moringa oleifera leaf extract on liver damage in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA(P.berghei)Methods:For extraction of Moringa oleifera(M.oleifera)leaves,microwave with hot water method was used and acute toxicity study was then be done.Standard Peters’test was carried out to test the efficacy of M.oleifera extract in vivo.The ICR mice were inoculated with 1×10^(7)red blood cells infected with P.berghei strain by intraperitoneal injection.They were subsequently given with 100,500 and 1000 mg/kg of this extract by intragastric route once a day for 4 consecutive days.Parasitemia was estimated using microscopy and levels of aspartate aminotransferase,alanine aminotransferase and albumin were also measured.Results:The M.oleifera leaf extract showed the protective activity on liver damage in mice infected with P.berghei in a dose-dependent fashion.It can be indicated by normal levels of aspartate aminotransferase,alanine aminotransferase and albumin in mice treated with extract.The 1000 mg/kg of extract was observed to present the highest activity.Interestingly,the dosedependent antimalarial activity was also found in the mice treated with extract.Conclusions:The M.oleifera leaf extract presented protective effect on liver damage in mice infected with P.berghei.