从煤焦油硬沥青和苯基硅烷制备硅取代聚芳烃中间相的研究(英文)

采取软、硬二种沥青与一,二,四苯基硅烷混合物共炭化方式,考察了硅取代聚芳烃中间相的生成。该炭化过程在反应釜中进行,控制实验条件如下:氩气压强1MPa,温度440℃,热裂解时间5h～10h。研究表明:含2%元素硅的初始混合物,不生成硅取代中间相;添加1.0%和0.5%元素硅的硬沥青炭化时明显生成硅取代中间相,但不是单一相。热裂解残留物是硅取代中间相体和均匀分散其中的无硅中间相小球体构成的复合相。

Effects of Three-Dimensional Platform Stiffness and Layer Dimensions on Separation of Carcinoma Cells

Cancer cell separation is highly desirable for cancer diagnosis and therapy.Besides biochemical methods,engineered platforms are effective alternatives for sorting carcinoma cells from normal cells based on their unique properties in responding to the physical changes of the surrounding microenvironment.In this work,three-dimensional(3D)biomimetic scaffold platforms were developed to separate nasopharyngeal carcinoma 43(NPC43)cells from immortalized nasopharyngeal epithelial 460(NP460)cells based on precisely controlled design parameters including stiffness,number of layers,and structural layout.The migration characteristics of NPC43 and NP460 cells on the scaffold platforms revealed that NPC43 cells could squeeze into 10 lm wide,15 lm deep trenches while NP460 cells could not.The different migration behavior was mainly due to cells having different interactions with the surrounding microenvironment.NPC43 cells had filopodia-like protrusions,while NP460 cells exhibited a sheet-like morphology.Using these 3D biomimetic platforms,89%separation efficiency of NPC43 cells from NP460 cells was achieved on stiffer two-layer scaffold platforms with a 40/10 lm ridge/trench(R/T)grating on the top layer and a 20/10 lm R/T grid on the bottom layer.Moreover,the separation efficiency was further increased to 93%by adding an active conditioned medium(ACM)that caused the cells to have higher motility and deformability.These results demonstrate the capability to apply biomimetic engineered platforms with appropriate designs to separate cancer cells from normal cells for potential cancer diagnosis and treatment.

Evolution of deformation twins with strain rate in a mediummanganese wear-resistant steel Fe-8Mn-1C-1.2Cr-0.2V

Microstructure evolutions of the medium-manganese wear-resistant steel Fe-8Mn-1C-1.2Cr-0.2V (in wt.%) with stacking-fault energy of 22 mJ m-2 during deformation at strain rate ranging of 10^-2-1 s^-1 were analyzed by means of X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The results indicate that the twinning-induced plasticity effect is the main strengthening mechanism of the studied steel, whilst the transformation-induced plasticity effect only occurs at high strain rate. With an increase in strain rate, volume fraction of the deformation twins, in particular that of the secondary twins, increases significantly along with decreasing average size. When applied strain rate is higher than 10^-1 s^-1, the parallel deformation twins are turned into a crossing morphology, and the original straight twin boundaries exhibit a ladder feature, which is attributed to the interactions between regular dislocations and twin dislocations at the twin boundary. The critical strain, a key indicator of the initiation of deformation twin, decreases with increasing strain rate. In addition, the ductility and strength of medium-manganese wear-resistant steel Fe-8Mn-1C-1.2Cr-0.2V are mainly determined by the shape and volume fraction of deformation twins.

Soft computing approach for prediction of surface settlement induced by earth pressure balance shield tunneling

Estimating surface settlement induced by excavation construction is an indispensable task in tunneling,particularly for earth pressure balance(EPB)shield machines.In this study,predictive models for assessing surface settlement caused by EPB tunneling were established based on extreme gradient boosting(XGBoost),artificial neural network,support vector machine,and multivariate adaptive regression spline.Datasets from three tunnel construction projects in Singapore were used,with main input parameters of cover depth,advance rate,earth pressure,mean standard penetration test(SPT)value above crown level,mean tunnel SPT value,mean moisture content,mean soil elastic modulus,and grout pressure.The performances of these soft computing models were evaluated by comparing predicted deformation with measured values.Results demonstrate the acceptable accuracy of the model in predicting ground settlement,while XGBoost demonstrates a slightly higher accuracy.In addition,the ensemble method of XGBoost is more computationally efficient and can be used as a reliable alternative in solving multivariate nonlinear geo-engineering problems.

Performance of braced excavation in residual soil with groundwater drawdown

In densely built-up Singapore,relatively stiffsecant-bored piles and diaphragm walls are commonly used in cut-and-cover works to minimize the impact of ground movement on the adjacent structures and utilities.For excavations in stiffresidual soil deposits,the asso-ciated wall deflections and ground settlements are generally smaller than for excavations in soft soil deposits.However,if the residual soil permeability is high and the underlying rock is highlyfissured or fractured,substantial groundwater drawdown and associated seepage-induced settlement may occur.In this study,the excavation performance of four sites in residual soil deposits with maximum excavation depths between 20 and 24 m is presented.The maximum wall deflections were found to be relatively small compared to the significantly larger maximum ground settlements,owing to the extensive lowering of the groundwater table.In this paper,details of the subsurface conditions,excavation support system,field instrumentation,and observed excavation responses are presented,with particular focus on the large groundwater drawdown and associated ground settlement.Specific issues encountered during the excavation,as well as the effectiveness of various groundwater control measures,are discussed.The case studies will provide useful references and insights for future projects involving braced excavations in residual soil.

Engineering properties of the Bukit Timah Granitic residual soil in Singapore

Extensive site investigations were conducted prior to the construction of a Mass Rapid Transit project in Singapore that was predominantly in the Bukit Timah Granite(BTG)formation residual soil.This paper evaluates the engineering properties of the BTG formation residual soil based on data from 208 site investigation boreholes from four different sites.Based on the results from 2481 conventional laboratory tests and 1192 in-situ tests,this paper summarizes the engineering properties of the highly variable BTG residual soil,including conventional composition analysis,index and hydraulic properties,and strength and deformation parameters required for geotechnical analysis and design.Based on these results,the BTG formation is found to be quite heterogeneous.As the degree of weathering decreases with depth from the top of the formation,the BTG residual soil becomes sandier,with reduced silt and clay fractions.The coefficient of permeability and the compression index of the BTG residual soil vary significantly.In addition,the empirical equations relating the shear strength(index)to the standard penetration test(SPT)-N,as well as the equations and charts for determining stiffness,are proposed.These findings,together with the proposed equations or charts,can be used for design guidance of similar projects related to granitic residual soils in Singapore.