松辽盆地国际大陆科学钻探:白垩纪恐龙时代陆相地质记录

过去一百年地球的气候持续变暖,未来地球可能进入两极无冰的温室气候状态。白垩纪是深时典型的温室气候时期,认识白垩纪气候对于理解过去和预测未来气候变化均有重要意义。松辽盆地国际大陆科学钻探以研究白垩纪陆地气候与环境演变、探索大规模陆相有机质富集机理为科学目标,在国际大陆科学钻探计划ICDP框架下,成为全球第一口钻穿白垩纪陆相地层的大陆科学钻探井。项目历时16年,以超97%的取心率获得连续完整的8187 m岩心,建立了松辽盆地陆相白垩系高精度年代地层框架,重建了松辽盆地白垩纪多时间尺度陆地气候旋回与气候事件,揭示了白垩纪湖海平面波动机理,确认了松辽盆地发生过海侵事件。松辽盆地国际大陆科学钻探推动了全球地质学家合作研究白垩纪温室气候,带动了一系列高水平学术成果的产出,为松辽盆地油气勘探可持续发展提供了重要科学支撑,产生了显著的社会效益和重大的国际与国内影响。松辽盆地国际大陆科学钻探代表了探索深时的一个具有里程碑意义的阶段。可以预见,未来借助科学钻探,人类会不断增强对深时气候环境演化等方面的认识。

松辽盆地白垩纪综合年代地层格架

白垩纪是典型的温室气候时期,也是全球大规模烃源岩形成时期,但对于温室气候背景下陆地的环境状态、气候变化、生命响应及其演化规律尚不清楚;陆相有机质及大规模烃源岩堆积与气候环境变化之间的关系还不明确。中国东北的松辽盆地发育了世界上最完整的白垩纪陆相沉积记录,烃源岩在盆地内广泛分布,是研究白垩纪陆地气候-环境变化和烃源岩形成机制的绝佳地点。但由于露头剖面沉积记录“连续性”和“完整性”较差,缺乏高精度的综合年代地层格架约束,导致松辽盆地的地层划分与对比存在较多争议,一定程度上阻碍了白垩纪陆地古气候、古环境演化的研究进程。松辽盆地国际大陆科学钻探计划实施的松科1井、松科2井和松科3井共钻取了8197 m完整且连续的白垩纪陆相地层岩心记录。本文通过综合科探井岩石地层学、生物地层学、磁性地层学、同位素年代学和旋回地层学的研究成果,建立了松辽盆地白垩纪高分辨率综合年代地层格架,为探索白垩纪陆地深时气候-环境演化及服务松辽盆地油气勘探可持续发展提供了精细的年代学证据。

松辽盆地南部上、下白垩统界线研究:以松辽盆地国际大陆科学钻探松科3井为例

国际上公认的上、下白垩统界线绝对年龄为100.5 Ma,该界线的“金钉子”位于海相地层中,而陆相层序中有关该地层界线的“金钉子”迄今尚无报道。陆相上、下白垩统界线的研究对于了解白垩纪中期温室条件下陆地上所经历的古地理、古环境、古气候的演化过程具有重要价值。我国东北地区的松辽盆地发育完整的白垩纪陆相地层,可能为陆相的上、下白垩统地层界线的研究提供连续的地质记录。本文基于松辽盆地国际大陆科学钻探松辽盆地南部松科3井全取心资料,通过对岩石类型、岩性序列和沉积相研究,于井深1191.6 m处的泉头组二段上部滨浅湖相沉积序列中发现灰色、灰绿色流纹质岩屑晶屑沉凝灰岩。通过同沉积期岩浆锆石U-Pb测年获得年龄(96.8±2.9)Ma,时代属于塞诺曼中期。结合前人资料得到研究区登娄库组—泉头组沉积速率为90.54~110 m/Ma,由此确定出上、下白垩统界线位于松科3井泉一段中部(井段1526.6~1598.6 m)。本文在考虑测年结果误差的情况下,另外计算出松科3井上、下白垩统界线介于泉二段中部至登四段上部(井段1279.6~1917.6 m)。其他学者基于松辽盆地北部松科1井和松科2井年代学研究结果,推测该界线应位于登娄库组内部。松科3井连续取心结果揭示的登娄库组和泉头组为连续发育的河流相和湖泊相沉积序列。地震反射层位对比结果显示,在整个松辽盆地内普遍发育登娄库组—泉头组的地层和连续沉积记录,因此在松辽盆地其他地区的登娄库组—泉头组地层中也应存在上、下白垩统界线的连续沉积的地质记录。本文为在松辽盆地及邻区探寻上、下白垩统陆相地层界线的全球“金钉子”提供了基础资料和探索方向。

The Cretaceous System in China

This paper provides an outline of Cretaceous stratigraphy and paleogeography in China, which is based on rich data obtained from recent researches. Cretaceous deposits are widespread in China. Most strata are of nonmarine origin and marine sediments occur only in Tibet, western Tarim Basin of Xinjiang, Taiwan and limited localities of eastern Heilongjiang. AH deposits are rich in fossils and well-constrained biostratigraphically. The stratigraphic successions of different regions are illustrated, and general stratigraphic division and correlation have been introduced. The marine deposits are described in the Tibetan Tethys, Kashi-Hotan Region of Xinjiang, eastern Heilongjiang, western Yunnan and Taiwan; the nonmarine deposits are outlined from northeast China, southeast China, southern interior China, southwest China, the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia region, and northwestern China intermontane basins. The sedimentary facies and paleogeography are diversified. In Tibet the basin evolution is largely related to the subduction and collision of the Indian Plate against the Eurasian Continent, and shows a tectonic evolution in the Cretaceous. Foraminifera are a dominant biota in the Tibet Tethys. Nonmarine sediments include variegated and red beds, coal- or salt-bearing horizons, and volcanic rocks. These deposits contain diverse and abundant continental faunas and floras, as well as important coal and oil resources. The Cretaceous stratigraphy and paleogeography in China have presented a foundation for geological studies.

Planktic Foraminiferal Biostratigraphy of the Cretaceous Oceanic Red Beds in Kangmar,Southern Tibet,China

The planktic foraminifera of the Chuangde Formation （Upper Cretaceous Oceanic Red Beds, CORBs） as exposed at Tianbadong section, Kangmar, southern Tibet has been firstly studied for a detailed for a detailed biostratigraphy elaboration. A rich and well-preserved planktic foraminifera were recovered from the Chuangde Formation of the Tianbadong section and the Globotruncanita elevata, Globotruncana ventricosa, Radotruncana calcarata, Globotruncanella havanensis, Globotruncana aegyptiaca, Gansserina gansseri and Abathomphalus mayaroensis zones have been recognized. The planktic foraminiferal assemblage points to an early Campanian to Maastrichitian age for the CORBs of the eastern North Tethyan Himalayan sub-belt, which also provides a better understanding of the shifting progress of the Indian Plate to the north and the evolution of the Neotethyan ocean. The lithostratigraphy of the Chuangde Formation of the Tianbadong section comprises two lithological sequences observed in ascending succession： a lower unit （the Shale Member） mainly composed of purple （cherry-red, violet-red） shales with interbedded siltstones and siliceous rocks; and an upper unit （the Limestone Member） of variegated limestones. The strata of the Chuangde Formation in the Tianbadong section are similar to CORBs in other parts of the northern Tethyan Himalaya area of Asia （Gyangze, Sa＇gya, Sangdanlin, northern Zanskar, etc.）. The fossil contents of the Chuangde Formation in the sections （CORBs） studied provide a means of correlation with the zonation schemes for those of the northern Tethyan Himalayan sub-belt and the Upper Cretaceous of the southern Tethyan Himalayan sub-belt. Paleogeographic reconstruction for the Late Cretaceous indicates that the Upper Cretaceous Chuangde Formation （CORBs） and correlatable strata in northern Zanskar were representative of slope to basinal deposits, which were situated in the northern Tethyan Belt. Correlatable Cretaceous strata in Spiti and Gamba situated in the southern Tethyan Belt in contrast were deposited in shelf environments along the Tethyan Himalayan passive margin. CORBs are most likely formed by the oxidation of Fe（II）-enriched, anoxic deep ocean water near the chemocline that separated the oxic oceanic surface from the anoxic.

Late Cretaceous Foraminiferal Faunas from the Saiqu“mélange”in Southern Tibet

As one of the mélanges in the southern side of the Yarlung-Zangbo suture zone, the Saiqu mélange in southern Tibet is important for understanding the evolution of the Neo-Tethys ocean. The age of the Saiqu mélange, however, has been debated due to the lack of reliable fossil evidence in matrix strata. Based on lithological similarities with platform strata in southern Tibet and limited fossils from exotic blocks, previous studies variously ascribed the Saiqu mélange to be Triassic in general, Late Triassic, or Late Cretaceous. Here we reported planktonic foraminiferal faunas from the matrix strata of the Saiqu mélange. The new fossils yield a Late Cretaceous age, which is so far the best age constraint for the mélange. Regional stratigraphic correlation indicates that the Cretaceous Oceanic Red Beds （CORBs） in Saiqu may be time equivalent to the CORBs of the Zongzhuo Formation in neighboring regions. Thus the Saiqu m^lange should be correlated to the Upper Cretaceous Zongzhuo Formation rather than the Triassic Xiukang Group, as previously suggested.

Revision of the Conchostracan Genus Tenuestheria from the Upper Cretaceous Lanxi Formation in Zhejiang and Its Biostratigraphic Significance in Southeast China

The diagnosis of the conchostracan genus Tenuestheria from the Lanxi Formation in Jinhua, Zhejiang Province in Southeast China is revised following an examination of the type species under a scanning electron microscope, which revealed some morphological features on the carapace that had not been recognized previously. The importance of the Tenuestheria Fauna is considered in the context of correlation of six Turonian-Santonian formations in this region of China. The value of the Cenomanian Nemestheria and Turonian Linhaiella faunas in correlating the underlying early Late Cretaceous formations is also noted.

Jurassic-Cretaceous Boundary Strata of the Somanakamura Group in NE Japan and their Correlation with Coeval Terrestrial Deposits in China

Defining the Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary is a controversy in stratigraphic study of the world. It has been widely accepted that this boundary can be defined at the bottom of Berriasian in Tetbys, with the appearance of the ammonite Berriasellajacobi dating to ca. 145 Ma. However, it is difficult for the widespread terrestrial deposits in China to correlate with the international standard of marine facies. The Somanakamura Group in Japan is represented by a succession of marinecontinental transitional strata. It provides a bridge of marine and nonmarine stratigraphic correlation. The ammonite and radiolarian fossils preserved in this group suggest an age from Bajocian to early Valanginian. The J-K boundary was defined in or atop the Tomizawa Formation of the group according to the ammonite data. The present authors study the fossil spores and pollen newly found from the Tomizawa and Koyamada formations. Three assemblages have been recognized. They are Assemblage 1 （Cyathidites-Classopollis） from the upper part of the Tomizawa Formation, Assemblage 2 （Cyathidites-Jiaohepollis） from the lower part of the Koyamada Formation, and Assemblage 3 （Cyathidites-Spheripollenites-Ephedripites） from the middle to upper part of the Koyamada Formation. With the reference of ammonite evidence, the J-K boundary can be defined between Assemblage 1 and Assemblage 2. This palynological J-K boundary can be correlated with that of terrestrial sequence in China. However, local biostratigraphy imply that the continental J-K boundary in China is of 135 or 137 Ma age. It has a considerable discrepancy from the marine standard. Biogeographically, the distribution pattern of spores and pollen in southern China is in accordance with that in the Somanakamura Group, which parallels the Tuchengzi Formation in northeastern China. By the palynological correlation between the Somanakamura Group and the strata in southern China, and then with the sequence in northeastern China, it is suggested that the continental J-K boundary is located in the Tuchengzi Formation.

Cenomanian-Coniacian Sea-level Change and Dissolved Oxygen Fluctuations in Tethys-Himalaya: Evidences from Benthic Foraminifera of Gamba, Tibet

Benthic foraminifera, preserved in the Late Cretaceous organic carbon-rich sediments of Gamba, southern Tibet, provide high-resolution proxies for sea-level changes and dissolved oxygen fluctuations of southeastern Tethys. The fossils were statistically analyzed and divided into three faunas of ＂Cenomanian fauna＂, ＂Turonian fauna＂, and ＂Coniacian fauna＂. A middle neritic-upper bathal environment （50-250m） was estimated considering the ratios of planktonic and epifaunal benthic foraminifera （P/（P＋E））, the morphological analysis according to the studies of recent foraminifera and the abundant distributions of depth-related species such as Alabamina creta, Laevidentalina sp., Praebulimina spp., Pleurostomella cf. naranjoensis, Pyrulina sp., Quinqueloculina spp., Haplophragmoides spp., etc. The result shows an almost parallel trend with the global transgressive and regressive cycles, but the former fluctuates more frequently at upper Cenomanian, which probably indicates tectonic instability of the continental margin. According to the benthic foraminiferal richness （BFN）, Shannon-Weiner diversity （H（s））, as well as benthic foraminiferal oxygen index （BFOI）, five periods of oxygen depleted conditions （dysoxic-anoxic） have been recognized. They correspond to the OAE2, the lower Turonian, the upper Turonian, the Turonian- Caniacian boundary event and the probably OAE3. In addition, the oxygen fluctuations in Gamba might be controlled directly by sea-level changes, while the paleoproductivity and oxygen conditions interacted with each other under oxygen deficiency environments.

藏南江孜侏罗系/白垩系界线时期古海洋环境分析

为了探讨西藏南部江孜一带侏罗系/白垩系界线时期海洋沉积环境的变化,本研究对采自藏南江孜甲不拉沟剖面的样品进行了常量、微量和稀土元素分析。Fe2O3+MgO与TiO2、Al2O3/SiO2关系判别图显示,从晚侏罗世维美组到早白垩世甲不拉组,研究区构造运动相对平静,基本上以大洋岛弧的构造演化为主,继承性明显。Mn、Fe、V、Co、Ni、REE等指标元素和U/Th、V/Cr、Sr/Ba、Lan/Ybn、V/(V+Ni)等比值结合显示,沉积条件从维美组浅海富氧、高盐、高沉积速率的环境演化为早白垩世甲不拉组深海、水体分层、沉积速率降低、具有明显深海沉积特征的环境。地化数据分析结果总体上与岩性成因分析相一致,即从维美组砂岩的浅海相沉积到甲不拉组下部的粉砂岩和上部的钙质泥岩、黑色页岩,水体经历了由浅到深的变化过程。

2018 Report from the Chinese Working Group of IGCP 608

IGCP 608"Cretaceous ecosystems and their responses to paleoenvironmental changes in South to East Asia and the Western Pacific"was issued and supported by IGCP on 11March 2013.In this project,the spatial-temporal paleoenvironmental and paleoecosystem changes during the Cretaceous in the South to East Asia and Western Pacific region will be delineated on the basis of paleoproxy data and a diversified fossil record from wider areas and different locations.

Diatom Response to Global Warming in Douhu Lake,Southeast China

A large number of lacustrine sedimentary records indicate that global warming is the main factor leading to significant changes in diatom communities in lakes of the northern hemisphere.However,due to the intensification of human activities since 1850,some scholars have emphasized that the increasing lake trophic level may be the main reason for the changes in diatom communities.The debate is ongoing.In order to avoid falling into the complex relationship between diatom changes and the seasonal cycle that characterizes lakes in mid and high latitudes,we chose a lake located at a low latitude,where the relationship between diatoms and temperature is not indirect but direct.The diatom record spans the past ca.100 years and reveals that the abundance of Aulacoseira granulata increased from 1900 until 1985,replacing the previously dominant Aulacoseira ambigua.These changes are in agreement with the increasing trend in global temperature.Since 1985,the percentages of the small-celled Discostella stelligera and the benthic diatom Navicula heimansioides have increased,while Aulacoseira granulata has decreased.This latest shift is caused by further global warming.We conclude that warming is the main factor leading to changing diatom communities in Douhu Lake.

Charophytes from the Upper Cretaceous to probably Paleocene Jiaozhou Formation in the Jiaolai Basin (Eastern China)

Objective The Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary （K-Pg boundary） marks the beginning of the Cenozoic, and is one of the most important geological boundaries. Charophytes are usually very abundant in the non-marine strata near the KPg boundary, and the change in the charophyte flora can help to recognize the K-Pg boundary. The position of KPg boundary in the Jiaolai Basin, eastem Shandong Province, China is still in dispute. The LK-1 borehole project, which was carried out by the Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, produced a high-quality core in northern Jiaozhou, Shandong. In this core, lots of charophyte gyrogonites have been found from the Jiaozhou Formation for the first time. It is significant to study these charophytes, which further helps to find the K-Pg boundary in the Jiaolai Basin.

New Discovery of Radiolarians in the Pomulong Mélange, Middle part of the Yarlung Zangbo Suture Zone, Tibet

Objective The Pomulong mélange was established in the regional geological survey of Lhaze County at the scale of 1:250000 by the Geological Survey Institute of Hubei Province.

Discovery of Late Cretaceous foraminifera in the Songliao Basin: Evidence from SK-1 and implications for identifying seawater incursions

The Songliao Basin is the largest oil-bearing basin in China.In the absence of sufficient evidence,the possibility of seawater incursion(s) into the Songliao Basin remains controversial.Recently,we discovered relatively abundant foraminifera fossils from units 1 and 2 of the Nenjiang Formation of borehole SK-1.Benthic foraminifera (Gavlinella sp.,Anomalinoides sp.,Pullenia sp.,Haplophragmoides sp.,Karrorulina hokkaidoana,Clavulinoides sp.),as well as planktonic foraminifera (Archaeoglobigerina blowi,Archaeoglobigerina cretacea and Hedbergella flandrini),were identified.These fossils were widely distributed in the marine Cretaceous.According to the global distribution of the above-mentioned planktonic foraminifera,the age of these fossil bearing strata appears to be Late Coniacian to Santonian.More importantly,these foraminifera provide direct evidence for marine water incursions into the Songliao Basin during deposition of the Lower Nenjiang Formation.

Late Cretaceous palynology and paleoclimate change:Evidence from the SK1(South) core, Songliao Basin, NE China

Cretaceous climate was warmer than today.The Songliao Basin contains one of the most important Late Cretaceous non-marine deposits in China for the research of the paleoenvironment and paleoclimate.This research is based on core samples from the SK1(S)borehole.The strata sampled are the upper part of the Quantou Formation to member 2 of the Nenjiang Formation,where spores,pollen,dinoflagellates,and other microfossils are abundantly preserved.Based on analysis of the spores and pollen fossils from the core samples,the following six fossil assemblage zones have been recognized in ascending order:The Cicatricosisporites-Cyathidites-Pinuspollenites,Schizaeoisporites-Cyathidites-Classopollis,Cyathidites-Schizaeoisporites,Schizaeoisporites-Cyathidites-Proteacidites,Proteacidites-Cyathidites-Dictyotriletes,and the Lythraites-Callistipollenites-Schizaeoisporites zones.The six fossil zones range from the late Cenomanian to early Campanian.The Late Cretaceous dinoflagellate cysts in the Songliao Basin are of high abundance and low diversity.Specific phytoplankton types reflect salinity changes of the Songliao Lake.Paleoecology of the dinoflagellates suggests that sediments of members 2 and 3 of the Yaojia Formation(K2y2+3)were deposited in a freshwater environment,whereas members 2 and 3 of the Qingshankou Formation(K2q2+3)and members 1 and 2 of the Nenjiang Formation(K2n1+2)were deposited in freshwater to brackish water environments.Combined with the paleoecology of dinoflagellates and the palynomorph biozones,valuable information of the paleoclimate was provided.The quantitative analyses of spores and pollen fossils,such as vegetation type,climate type,and humidity type,diversity and dominance,indicate a relatively sub-humid,mid-subtropical paleoclimate,with slight climatic fluctuation and/or temporal change.