GROWTH OF DIAMOND-LIKE FILMS BY DC PLASMA CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION

Diamond-like films have been deposited by dc plasma chemical vapor deposition(CVD).During deposition,the characteristics of the plasma have been measured by means of the Langmuir single probe.The structure of the deposits has been studied by X-ray diffraction,Raman spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.

科技考古学科发展的思考

尽管“学科”缺乏严格的科学定义,但其设置的重要性依然毋庸置疑。当前,重点学科的数量和排序业已成为衡量高校地位的判据之一,学科的发展自然而然跃为高校工作的重中之重。就科技考古学科发展而言,最为重要的是学科的体系建设。笔者基于多年的科教经验,针对中国科学院大学的具体情况,直面科技考古学科的特殊性,较为详细地介绍了有关该学科发展的思考。

环太湖地区马家浜文化早期家猪驯养信息探讨——以江苏骆驼墩遗址出土猪骨分析为例

为深入认识新石器时代长江流域地区家猪驯养的发展状况及其在文明演进中的作用,探讨早期阶段家猪饲养的地区性差异,本文选取了长江下游环太湖地区的新时器时代典型遗址——江苏宜兴骆驼墩遗址,通过对遗址中猪骨的稳定同位素分析对遗址中猪的食性进行比较分析,同时结合整个遗址中猪骨的形态学鉴定结果,探讨遗址中是否存在家猪的驯养行为以及人类的生业模式等信息.

殷墟透闪石和蛇纹石玉器自然白化现象研究——兼谈重识"钙化"现象

殷墟透闪石和蛇纹石玉器呈现颇为丰富的白化现象,其机制包括玉质疏松成因和钙化成因。本文在此基础上探讨了抛光工序、材质以及酸碱度对白化程度的影响,结果显示:抛光层比未抛光部分抗风化,透闪石玉的抗风化能力强于蛇纹石玉,中碱性埋藏环境可以使两类白化玉器的结构变得异常疏松,因此在材质鉴别和预防性保护方面应特别关注。此外,中碱性环境中钙盐沉积渗透至玉器表面会形成点状分布的钙化现象。有别于上世纪60年代以来中西方学界长期否定钙化现象的存在,这一出土实证的首次发现和重新研究对钙化现象提出了全新的看法。该项研究丰富了对玉器白化现象的认知,有助于对玉器材质的原初状态进行准确判断。

Agricultural development and human diets in Gouwan site,Xichuan,Henan

This paper undertook the C and N stable isotopic analysis of human bones unearthed at the Gouwan site in Xichuan,Henan,to reveal the human diets and to explore the lifestyle of humans and the development of rice and millet agriculture.The contribution of rice to human diets was almost equal to that of millet in this site though millet agriculture is the traditional economic model for the middle Yellow River Valley.On the other hand,the comparison of C and N stable isotopes in different cultural periods clearly indicates changes in millet and rice agriculture.Humans mainly depended on agriculture and gathering in the Yangshao Culture I. Millet agriculture,livestock rearing,and fishing were enhanced in the Yangshao Culture II.Millet agriculture and animal husbandry developed steadily in the Yangshao Culture III.After that the mixed rice and millet agriculture developed further.In addition,rice agriculture spread to the north in the climate suitable for cultural exchanges between north and south in the Yangshao Culture phases.In the Qujialing Culture period,under a colder climate,the rice farming was not dominant,though the Qujialing Culture played a key role in the site.

Transition of human diets and agricultural economy in Shenmingpu Site, Henan, from the Warring States to Han Dynasties

Historical records and archaeological remains indicate that the Chinese agricultural economy changed significantly from the Warring States （475-221 BC） to Han Dynasties （206 BC-220 AD）, i.e., from rice-millet based agriculture to rice-millet-wheat based agriculture. However, the variation of human diets and the inner relationship between human diets and the agricultural transition during this period remain poorly understood. In this paper, the C and N stable isotopes from human and animal bones at the Shenmingpu site （SMPS）, Xichuan County, Henan Province were analyzed. If some outliers （M34, M36, M102） were excluded, the mean δ13C value （（-16.7±0.8）‰, n=15） of humans in Hart Dynasties was dramatically lower than that in the Warring States （（-12.7±0.8）‰, n=14）, indicating that the cultivation of rice and wheat, especially wheat, had been more widely popularized in Han Dynasties. Meanwhile, the range of 615N values of humans （6.6‰-9.3‰） in Hart Dynasties was narrower than that of the Warring States （6.2‰-10.4‰）, suggesting that the animal protein resources in human foods during Han Dynasties were more concentrated. The transition of human diets and the close relationship with the change of agricultural economy in SMPS were due to more stable society, the carryout of new agricultural policies, and the emergence of new agri- cultural tools in Han Dynasties.

Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope evidence of human and pig diets at the Qinglongquan site,China

Previous studies on the Rice-Millet （foxtail millet and common millet） Blended Zone in Chinese Neolithic have not clearly addressed such questions as the importance of primitive rice-millet mixed agriculture to human lifestyle and livestock managements within this region, the relationship among the development of the agriculture, paleoenvironment, and cultural interactions, and so on. Here stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis of human and pig bones from the Qinglongquan site was conducted, covering two cultural phases, namely the Qujialing Culture （3000 BC to 2600 BC） and the Shijiahe Culture （2600 BC to 2200 BC）. Based on this analysis, we further discussed the diets of ancient humans and pigs in the site, investigated the importance of rice-millet mixed agriculture to human and pig diets, and explored the relationship among the primitive rice agriculture and millet agriculture, cultural interactions, and paleoenvironment. The δ^13C values of human bone collagen （-16.7‰ to -12.4‰, averaging -14.6‰±1.3‰, n=24） revealed that both C3 and Ca foods were consumed, probably from the contribution of rice （C3 plant） and millets （C4 plants） due to the coexistence of these crops at this site. In addition, the human mean δ^13C value suggested that millet agriculture was only minor in human diets. The human δ^15N values （6.6‰ to 10.8‰, averaging 9.0‰±1.2‰, n=24） showed that animal resources played a significant role in human diets, and varied greatly. The mean δ^13C value of the pigs （-14.3‰±2.5‰, n=13） was quite similar to that of the humans, but the mean δ^15N value of the pigs was slightly less （1.3‰） The similar δ^13C and δ^15N values between humans and pigs suggested that the pigs consumed a lot of humans＇ food remains. No correlations of the δ^13C and δ^15N values between humans and pigs showed that both human and pig diets were based mainly on plant foods, which might be related to highly developed rice-millet mixed agriculture at that time. In comparison with the human and pig diets between the two periods, millet agriculture contributed more than 10% in the Shijiahe Culture, if a simple mixing model was used. This apparent dietary shift matched the climatic variation and agricultural development through the time. In warm and humid climate with the expansion of the Qujialing Culture northwards, rice was widely cultivated. However, when the climate was cold and add, northern culture was expanding southwards. Thus, millet agriculture became more important.

Palaeodietary study of Sanxingcun Site,Jintan,Jiangsu

C and N stable isotope ratios of 19 human bones in Sanxingcun Site, Jintan, Jiangsu Province, were measured to explore the lifestyle and social economic structure. Although the bone collagen degraded to different extents, the atomic ratio of C/N was located in the range of 2.9-3.6, indicating that they were preserved very well. Average δ13C value (20.05±0.21‰), average δ 15N value (9.69 ±0.33‰) and poor positive correlation between each other suggested that rice agriculture was dominant with hunt-ing-fishing supplemented in human lifestyle. Poor negative correlation between δ 15N values and C3 percentages of foods implied relative independence of rice agriculture and hunting-fishing. Compared to Hemudu Site and Qingpu Site, rice agriculture was developed further, but hunting-fishing decreased. The mode for people in Sanxingcun Site to get the meat was still in the initial exploitation.

Changes in wheat starch grains using different cooking methods: Insights into ancient food processing techniques

We investigate the morphological changes in starch grains from wheat(Triticum aestivum) using different cooking methods(boiling, steaming, frying, and baking). We compare the cooked starch grains with starch grains from ancient wheat flour cakes(Astana Cemetery, Turpan Basin, Xinjiang, China) to determine the cooking techniques used by people in Xinjiang 1200 years ago. Heat and water content affect starch grains when different cooking methods are used. Boiling and steaming results in the collapse of wheat starch grains accompanied by extreme swelling, curved granules, pasting, almost full gelatinization, a distinct extinction cross and vague granule outlines. Frying and baking cause less swelling, fewer curved granules, less pasting and only partial gelatinization of wheat starch grains, but the extinction lines are still distinct and the outlines of granules relatively clear. The pale brown substances on the starch grains make starch from baked-wheat products distinct from those cooked using other methods.

早期锡青铜冶炼工艺的思考与模拟实验

冶金作为人类历史上的一项重要进步,一直是历史学研究的热点。关于长期争论的冶金单一起源和多地起源问题,近年来欧亚大陆早期冶金技术多样性的发现以及早期简单冶金技术的揭示,致使多地起源观点更被关注。受早期黄铜冶炼工艺等研究的启示,本研究利用模拟实验并结合测试分析,探讨了早期锡青铜低温冶炼工艺的可行性。使用坩埚、马弗炉等工具,在650~950℃的温度下,以木炭为还原剂,冶炼孔雀石与锡石的混合物,并进而重熔冶炼产物。利用X射线荧光、X射线衍射、金相分析等方法观察、测试相关冶炼产物,其结果表明,冶炼温度达到700℃左右即可得到海绵状铜块。在930℃左右直接冶炼孔雀石和锡石的混合物,可得到有实用价值的锡青铜块。在不超过1000℃的温度下,能够将小块金属融合成锡青铜锭乃至铜刀坯料,金相组织可见α固溶体树枝晶及α+δ共析体,符合铜锡合金铸造组织特征。本项工作表明,在浇注青铜工艺成熟之前,有可能存在通过类似早期黄铜固态还原工艺冶炼获得锡青铜,期望这一推测能对冶金起源探索有所裨益。

Extraction of soluble collagen and its feasibility in the palaeodietary research

In current palaeodietary research, gelatinization is the main method to extract insoluble collagen （ISC） from ancient bones. However, the degradation products of ISC, i.e., soluble collagen （SC）, is often neglected and abandoned. In this work, we try to separate the extracts of ancient bones using gel chromatography and compare the contents of carbon and nitrogen, atomic C/N ratio, and stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic values of the extracts from three peaks to determine which peak can be at- tributed to SC. At last, the potential application of SC in palaeodietary research is discussed based on the comparison of stable isotopic values between ISC and SC. Among the three peaks, the second with the retention time between 17.5 min and 27.5 min had the most broad peak shape, indicating that the molecular weights of proteins collected were most variable. Besides, the contents of carbon and nitrogen and atomic C/N ratio of extracts in this peak were closest to the corresponding ISC. Based on the above, we conclude that the extract in second peak is SC. More important, the δ13c and δ15N values of ISC and SC are very similar. For ISC and SC with atomic C/N ratios within the normal range （2.9-3.6）, the mean difference of δ13C value was only （0.3±0.2）%o （n=2） while δ15N value was （0.6±0.1）‰ （n=2）. Although the atomic C/N ratios of some SC are slightly be- yond the normal range, the mean differences of δ13C and δ15N values were still only （0.4±0.1）‰and （0.3±0）‰ （n=2） respec- tively. These isotopic differences are quite below the isotope fractionation in one trophic level δ13C values of 1‰-1.5‰ and 615N values of 3‰-5‰）, suggesting that SC had great application potentials in palaeodietary research.

Study on the glasswares discovered in the underground palace of the Da Bao En Temple in the North Song Dynasty(AD960 AD1127) in Nanjing,China

Built by the royal family in the Ming Dynasty,the Da Bao En Temple is known as the greatest temple in ancient Nanjing,whose predecessor is the Chang Gan Temple built in the Six Dynasties.Archaeological excavations of the Da Bao En Temple and the underground palace of Chang Gan Temple built in the North Song Dynasty(AD960 AD1127) have been appraised as one of the 10 greatest archaeological discoveries in 2010 in China.Many artefacts discovered in the underground palace have shown their important historical meanings and scientific values,such as the Qibao King Asoka Tower,golden and silver coffins,Buddhist relics,the silk textiles,glasses,and spices etc.In this paper,stereomicroscope,SEM-EDS and LA-ICP-AES are used to investigate chemical composition,microstructure and current preservation status for the unearthed glasswares.The results indicate that the glass bottle coded as TH1 and the glass calyx coded as TN5 are made of lead-silicate glass,while the chemical composition of the glass bottle coded as TN9 is quite distinct from that of native glasswares.All three articles have been weathered in some degrees.Given the shape,it is deduced that TH1 is a typical glassware used in burying Buddhist relics at that time,TN5 a domestic glassware with typical Sassanian style,and TN9 an imported Islamic glass,providing important information about culture exchanges between China and the foreign countries in the North Song Dynasty.